Kiss Notes : Production of Materials

4. In Molecular Series II (Branched-Chain Alcohols): As you go through the group from 1-butanol  sec-butanol  1-ter-butanol:

due to the presence of chlorine atoms. This stability therefore increases with the number of

A basic understanding of polymerization processes is important not only because polymerization affects structure, and hence properties, but also because some processing routes can convert monomers directly to a finished shape. They offer manufacturing industry considerable benefits both in direct and indirect costs. An extra dimension to polymer structure is added by the possibilities of copolymerization, where two or more different monomers a re polymerized together. In one sense it is comparable to alloying different metals to produce an appropriate balance of properties in the final product. Two groups of polymerization are normally acclaimed. In condensation polymerization, each step of the process is accompanied by formation of a molecule of some simple compound, often water ( ). In addition polymerization, monomers react to from a polymer without the formation of by-products. Addition polymerization usually are carried out in the presence of catalysts, which in certain cases exert control over structural details that have important effects on the properties of the polymer. Linear polymers, which are composed of chainlike molecules, may be viscous liquids or solids with varying degrees of crystallinity; a number of them can

Bromine is in the middle of the elements in group 7, meaning that it is only more reactive than iodine and astatine.

Instead of giving away or receiving electrons, two (or more) atoms may also share electron pairs to fill their outer shells. This forms a covalent bond, and the atoms are fused together into a molecule. 
An example of this is when two oxygen atoms (six valence electrons) encounter carbon (four valence electrons). Because each atom wants to have eight electrons in its outer shell, the carbon atom shares two of its valence electrons with each oxygen atom, completing their shells, while each oxygen atom shares two electrons with the carbon atom to complete its shell. The resulting molecule is carbon dioxide, or

Since energy is outfit to do work is generally discharged as warmth, sound, light, or other hopeless structures, people should continually renew our energy source to keep our machines running. The time of uncommon development beginning with the mechanical upheaval was just made conceivable by tapping the planet's tremendous stores of energy. This framework is naturally unsustainable on the grounds that we devour fills far quicker than the planet can recharge them. In the previous decade or somewhere in the vicinity there has been any genuine talk of coming to top creation of these energy sources. Since the extraction of these fills itself requires fuel, the profits must be more noteworthy than the measure of energy contributed. As oil wells achieve their crest, oil no more openly gushes out of the ground. It turns out to be progressively troublesome and costly to draw to the

there. Many tend to view the impact that petroleum seems to provide as an ideally positive one,

Petroleum is a nonrenewable resource created from deceased prehistoric animal and plant remains. This is accomplished over millions of years, in which variables of heat and pressure cause the remains to be transformed into hydrocarbons. The United States depends on oil for around 36% of its energy demand, of this about 71% is directed to transportation, 24% to manufacturing and industrial applications, 5% to commercial and residential areas. An interesting fact is that even though oil and gas are seen to dominate the transportation areas, they only represent a less than one percent stake in the generation of energy.

The commodity of petroleum is not just important and inelastic in the market but also to the vast majority of the world. There is no replacement for petroleum or the products that are derived from it. Now a necessity product that is derived from petroleum would be gasoline which is use by a vast majority of the world population for cars. Since there is no substitute for petroleum there is also no substitute for gasoline.

Petroleum has long been a precious resource throughout history. Petroleum was likely used to construct asphalt that made the great towers and walls of Babylon (Leung, 1989). China used it to extract precious salt from seawater (Lerner, Wu, & Lin, 1964). Today, the world faces the challenge of creating enough fuel to satisfy the demands of a petroleum-dependent world. With the pressures of supply and demand ever increasing, industries around the globe have sought alternative measures to create this precious substance.

The next form of bonding is Ionic bonding. Ionic bonds are bonds formed when a nonmetal and a metal come together to form a bond where the electrons are transferred. By transferred, it is meant that the electrons are sent from the molecule with the less electrons to the molecule with the higher amount in order to fill its octet. Here, both molecules have their octets filled when the atom with the smaller amount of electrons loses the extra electrons it has and goes to the lower shell where its octet becomes full. On the other hand, the atom with the larger amount of electrons has its octet filled when the atom receives the needed electrons to fill its octet. This creates a bond between the two atoms and leaves them in a state of ionic bonding. Ionic bonding is characterized by atoms with extremely high boiling points and very low freezing points. Most ionic bonds form salts, such as the common table salt known as NaCl. In addition, ionic bonds almost always form molecules that easily dissociate in water. By dissociating in water, it is meant they separate

The history of polymers stretch back millions of years. These “primitive” polymers were created by nature to fulfill the needs of information storage, energy storage and information reproduction. Human made polymers are a more recent invention, of the last two hundred years or so. These polymers are general made of highly flammable hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Fires caused by a combination of human careless and the physical properties of hydrocarbons have caused millions of dollars in property damage and claimed an untold number of human lives. It is this fact that has lead to scientists devoting time and resources to making polymers safer. In the following paragraphs the mechanism behind burning polymers will be

Ethanol has been the most widely used biofuel currently. However, when it is used in ignition cars, butanol contains more energy and has lower hygroscopic property and vapour pressure than ethanol when the volumes are same, by the way, soot emissions can be reduced for diesel fuel when butanol is added in. (Schwarz, 2007)

Bromine water, Br2 (aq), can be used to distinguish between the alkanes and the alkenes.

Today, although many compounds of carbon are still most conveniently isolated from plant and animal sources, most of them are synthesized. They are sometimes synthesized from inorganic substances like carbonates and cyanides, but more often from other organic compounds. There are two large reservoirs of organic material from which simple organic compounds can be obtained: petroleum and coal. (Both of these are “organic” in the old sense, being products of the decay of plants and animals.) These simple compounds are used as building blocks from which larger and more complicated compounds can be made.