Klinefelter Syndrome Research Paper

According to Adler, Mueller, & Laufer, “Chromosomes are the basic structures that contain our genes—the biological material that makes each of us unique. Each human being has 23 pairs of inherited chromosomes. One pair determines gender. A female receives an X chromosome from both mother and father; a male receives an X chromosome from his mother and a Y from his father. Sometimes a defect in the production of sperm or egg results in genetic abnormalities.

Y-linked genes typically determine sexual orientation, whereas X-linked genes typically determine an abundance of other traits because it’s much bigger than the Y-chromosome. Males are hemizygous because they lack a second copy of an X chromosome (XY), unlike women who have 2 (XX). This is why its much more common for a man to inherit an X-linked recessive disorder because they don’t have a second X chromosome to compensate. However, women can still express these traits and also be carriers if they are homozygous for the allele. A Barr body forms from the inactive X that

Normally males have 46 chromosomes which include one X and one Y chromosomes, but males with XYY Syndrome have 47 chromosomes, two of which are Y chromosomes. Most cases of XYY Syndrome occur before conception due to a cell division error in the sperm. Rarely does the cell division error happen after conception.

The term “intersex” can be used to describe many conditions that can make a person not be typically male or female. These conditions affect the human’s reproductive anatomy. “… a person might be born appearing to be female on the outside, but having mostly male-typical anatomy on the inside. Or a person may be born with genitals that seem to be in-between male and female types…” (http://www.isna.org/faq/what_is_intersex). In addition to these conditions, a person can be born with “mosaic genetics” which means that some of their cells contain XX (female) chromosomes, while others contain XY (male) chromosomes. Although the term “intersex” describes certain conditions or categories that a person may have, there’s some ambiguity. Doctors have varying opinions on what exactly should count as “intersex”.

Kinefelter syndrome is a genetic condition that occurs in men as a result of an extra chromosome. The most common symptom is infertility. Humans have 46 chromosomes, which contains all of a person's DNA and genes. Two of which that determines a persons gender. Kinefelter syndrome is the result of one extra X written as XXY. Some of the cells in a male's body have an additional x chromosome. It is found in about 1 out of every 500-1,000 newborn males. The additional sex chromosome results from a random error during the formation of the egg or sperm. Women who have pregnancies after the age of 35 have a slightly increased chance of having a boy with this syndrome. Males who have Kinefelter syndrome may have the following symptoms: small firm

Males that are born with Klinefelter Syndrome don't have obvious symptoms. Others have sparse body hair, enlarged breasts, and wide hips. In all the males that have klinefelter Syndrome have small testicles. In a few of the men their penis does not get to the adult size and they cannot have children but they can have a sex life, they just can’t reproduce. In some of the boys that have Klinefelter Syndrome,

What klinefelter syndrome? Klinefelter syndrome is a random mutation that happens during the sex cells reproduction. It's caused one extra copy of the X chromosome in each cell (xxy), the most common cause. An extra x chromosome in some of the cells (mosaic klinefelter syndrome), with fewer symptoms. More than one extra copy of the chromosome, which is rare and results in a severe form. Error in cell division, called nondisjunction, results in a egg or sperm cell with extra x chromosome mosaic klinefelter syndrome is caused by random mutation during fetal development.

Every year, approximately 3000 babies in America are born with Klinefelter Syndrome. Klinefelter syndrome, a genetic disorder known as XXY, is the most common sex chromosome disorder. Klinefelter occurs when the presence of at least one extra X chromosome is in each of the cells. Because chromosomes, contains all the genes and DNA, are building blocks of humans bodies, they are extremely crucial in determining the structure and traits of each individuals. Besides the physical changes that Klinefelter patients experience, the mentally impact they have to deal with daily is equally challenging.Klinefelter Syndrome causes many complex changes in the humans’ genes, severe effects as well as complications not only on the patients' physical bodies, but also on their mental health through dt age groups ; however, due to many advances in the medical fields, doctors are now able to use different effective methods to treat those who have this disease.

Klinefelter syndrome is a chromosomal condition that affects male's physical and cognitive development. Males with Klinefelter syndrome don’t know they have it, so they lead normal lives. Klinefelter syndrome occurs in about 1 to 1000 males. The cause of Klinefelter syndrome is the presence of an extra X chromosome in males often occurs when the genetic material in the egg splits unevenly, but it also can happen when the genetic material in the sperm splits unevenly. Men with Klinefelter syndrome don’t have obvious symptoms. Others may have sparse body hair, enlarged breast, and wide hips. Almost all men their testicles remain small. Their voices may not be as deep and they cannot father children.

The most common karyotype is the paternal 47,XXY which account for over three fourths of those with Klinefelter’s syndrome, but there are a small number of cases (10-20%) that have a “mosaic karyotype, 46,XY, 48,XXY or 48,XXYY.” (Maiburg, 2012). It is believed that Klinefelter’s syndrome develops after sister chromatids fail to separate correctly or separate early during meiosis I, and this is thought to be the main cause of infertility (Maiburg, 2012, pg 254). Males can inherit this from either their mother or their father, although the nondisjunction happens at different stages of meiosis, if inherited from the mother it could have happened during meiosis I or II, whereas in the father it has to happen during meiosis I (Maiburg, 2012, p 254). Just like with other genetic disorder’s age of the parents, particularly the mother, also play a sizeable role, in the development of Klinefelter’s

The XXY syndrome, most commonly known as Klinefelter syndrome (KS), only affects males of all ages. This syndrome occurs when there is a random genetic error after conception and is not curable, however treatment can help.All females have XX chromosome and all males have XY chromosomes. Unlike the normal XY type that all males have, males affected have an additional X chromosome which results into many symptoms such as impaired spermatogenesis, low testosterone, and male hypogonadism. Since Klinefelter syndrome is related to the sex chromosomes of males, it is a sex link trait.

The syndrome occurs when one of the two X chromosomes normally found in women is missing or incomplete. Although the cause of TS isn’t known, it may appear to occur as a result of a random or accidental error during formation of either the eggs or sperm. Humans have 46 chromosomes, which consists of a person’s DNA and their genes. Two of these chromosomes, the sex chromosomes, decide a person’s gender. The pair of sex chromosomes in females are called X chromosomes. The way it is written is as XX. Males have an X and a Y chromosome. The two sex chromosomes aid a person in developing fertility and the other sexual characteristics of their gender. In turner syndrome, the girl does not have the usual pair of two complete X chromosomes. The most common synopsis is that the girl has only one X chromosome in her cells. Some girls with TS do have two X chromosomes, but one of the X chromosomes is incomplete. In another synopsis, the girl has some cells in her body with two X chromosomes, but other cells have only one. This is called

Other names for Klinefelter Syndrome is the abbreviation KS. The cause of this disorder is an extra X chromosome on a male sex chromosomes. Therefore the male would have the genotype of XXY instead of the preferred XY. While this disease does affect the human throughout their entire life and as of now is incurable, it can be detected through prenatal testing. The only group affected from this genetic error are males; this error is only found with X and Y chromosomes not only the X.

In my personal opinion, I do not agree with Lippman in this case. I believe that it is Mrs. Brown’s decision to make and if she feels that she cannot fully support a child with Klinefelter’s syndrome for the rest of the life, it is her prerogative to end the pregnancy. Women are allowed to decide to end their pregnancy (with a healthy fetus) if they feel too young, or not financially stable or for whatever reason they see fit so why should Mrs. Brown not be allowed to end her pregnancy for a genetic abnormality. Furthermore, Mr. Brown said he was in favor of continuing the pregnancy “if his wife agreed” (Thomas and Waluchow 93). Since she does not agree to continue the pregnancy, I do not believe he has a right to force her to continue it. Many cases have trialed in law and it is shown that a man cannot force a woman to continue the pregnancy that she does not want. It is removing her autonomy and her choice. Mrs. Brown taking the amniocentesis was her choice as well, so she should be allowed to choose to end the pregnancy.

X-linked inheritance can be expressed as the means that the gene causing the trait or the disorder is present on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes while males have one X and one Y chromosome. Carrier females who contain simply one replica of the mutation do not typically state the phenotype though