Knocking Out Interleukin 2 : Developing Ulcerative Colitis

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There are differences in gene expression for the innate immune response genes, IFN-α and IFN-β between donors. The data indicate that there is greater response in the asthmatic donor indicating that they may have robust immune response; IFN-α genes was expressed 8 fold higher in the asthmatics in comparison to the normal donor and this might be expected to correspond to greater symptoms. Based on the expression of IL8, the asthmatic donor would be expected to elicit a lesser neutrophil response, indicating defects in their immune system. The differences in gene expression of IL25, IL33, CCL11, and TGF-β, cytokines central to eliciting an allergic inflammation, are minimal in comparison to the others. However, more donor cells must be tested to confirm the preliminary

(My Conclusion is not done I still need to add to the other sections, which will mean that

Crohn's disease is a disease that presents similarly to food poisoning in that it causes imflammation of the digestive tract in an individual. During the development of this disease the body becomes hypersensitive to the bacteria found in one's gut, and thus these beacteria are the cause of the inflammation caused by the immune system attacking the bacteria in a person's stomach. Therefore, it is an autoimmune disease. The only known way to combat crohn's currents is corticosteroids, which supress the immune system.

The fourth example of the science topic discussed in the book which was discussed in class is apoptosis. In apoptosis the immune system is left weakened, which increases the chance of an infection to spread. This happens when too many macrophages die. The macrophage is a cell that is found at the site of infection. It is important in the immune system because they help destroy the apoptotic cell. If the apoptotic cell is not destroyed or over worked, it can produce infections or multiply, especially if the body’s immune system is already

The development of IBD is very rare in infancy. Inflammatory bowel disease includes, Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). IBD manifests during childhood or adolescence in up to 25 percent of patients, however, a small percentage of children may present with IBD in infancy. A published data from epidemiological studies and IBD registries in North America and Europe showed that less than one percent of children with IBD present during the first twelve months of life. Even though the numbers are small, Crohn’s disease is more prevalent than ulcerative colitis in these and other studies. It is also common among infants initially diagnosed as ulcerative colitis or indeterminate colitis to have their diagnosis changed to CD during subsequent follow up. IBD with onset in this age group is likely a heterogeneous group of disorders, and has variability in the clinical presentation and prognosis (Kappelman & Grand,

First, human medical advances are discovered each day. One way of achieving these goals are comprehending the human DNA and how it functions. Another scientific approach is to uncover the potential key to the genetic break down that causes biological aspects to human diseases. The encoding of this information could give insights of the causes and may allow advance medical treatment to intervene earlier in the disease pathways and possibly find a cure. These advances may be the significant aspects to regulating

Have you ever heard about ulcerative colitis? For those that have not or might want to know a little more information regarding this disease here are in this essay you will learn the definition, risk factors, symptoms, if there is any treatment to cure and many more important details that many of us should take into consideration.

IL-10: works with IL-4 to counteract IFN-gamma and IL-12; comes from monocytes, TH2 cells, CD8+ T cells, mast cells, macrophages, B cell subsets

The proper functioning of the IL2RG gene is vital for the continuous development of immune cells, specifically the T cells and B cells mentioned above. (Cavazzana et al. 2016)

The APC’s, when activated, migrate to the lymph nodes and interact with T and B cells to initiate the immune response. Antigens gets broken down to peptide fragments and presented on the cell surface by major histocompatibility complex 2 molecules (MHC-II) to T cell receptors. For this reaction to be significant, a co-stimulatory signal is also needed to increase interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. IL-2 is a T cell growth factor that is necessary for T cell activation. When T cells are activated the Th2 cytokines are produced. In particular, IL-4 causes CD4+ cells to adopt Th2 properties and stimulates B and T cell proliferation, along with the upregulation of MHC-II expression. IL-4 also causes B cells to undergo class switching and produce IgE that is specific to the allergen. The IgE binds to the Fc receptors on mast cells and basophils and upon re-exposure to the allergen, mediators, mainly histamine, leukotrienes, and cytokines, are released from preformed granules in the cell.4 Another cytokine, IL-5, activates eosinophils and has a stimulatory role on B cell growth. Eosinophils, along with neutrophils, basophils, T cells, and macrophages produce more cytokines and inflammatory mediators, which keeps the inflammatory response active. This is known as the late phase of an allergic reaction, which is responsible for the persistent chronic symptoms of allergies. Chronic symptoms include swelling of the nasal

IL-4 plays an essential role by promoting Th2 cell differentiation while inhibiting Th1 cell differentiation. In contrast to allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases are believed to be dependent on Th1 and monocytic cytokines. IL-4 can therefore act as an anti-inflammatory cytokine in autoimmune diseases. Therefore, IL-4 could be considered a target for the treatment of allergic diseases like asthma but a potential tool for the treatment of autoimmune

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