Krystal Summerss: A Critical Analysis

The Indigenous culture was viewed as inferior and unable to adequately provide for the needs of their children, which was fully fuelled by disproportionate poverty rates as well as the repercussion of residential schools (Russell, 2015). Due to not being able to maintain the standards of European child-rearing practices and common values, social services workers attempted to rescue these children from the conditions they were living in (O’Connor, 2010). These issues have detrimental effects on the families of survivors of the residential schools for generations, also known as multigenerational trauma. Instead of addressing this social policy concern the government was contributing and controlling it, where Indigenous people had little power to address

The Indigenous people residing in Canada are struggling to have their sovereignty and their right to self determination recognized. From the past to present, Indigenous groups continues to struggle in many aspects of their life. Common obstacles that these people come across includes of poor health, lower level of education and income, and higher rate of unemployment and suicide. As a result of these obstacles Indigenous people are facing, many have come up with resolutions and answers to these problems. In fact, there are numerous ways citizens and governments can fix these problems in a respectful and beneficial

In a study conducted by the University of British Colombia they examined Aboriginal women’s experiences with health care services from 1995 to 2000. A large number of Aboriginal women had negative experiences with the health care system. The stories were primarily based on the racist and discriminatory treatment they received from the nurse that was treating them. One participant said that she had severe pneumonia, and that she was “really sick…and that they discharged [her], she wasn’t even better yet” the nurse then told her that “you need to get your stuff and you need to go don’t let me call security”. The women felt that they were discriminated against for being “Aboriginal, appearing poor, for substance use”. The experience faced by this group of women is unacceptable health care providers are suppose to treat all people equitably, and should not give a lower level of treatment based on an individuals race or social status. This further dispositions aboriginal women because if they are sexually assaulted they may not receive the suitable treatment (eg. counselling) which would affect their health mentally and

The disproportionate, poor health outcomes experienced by First Nations Canadians have been attributed to an uncoordinated and fragmented health care system. This system is rooted in colonial legislation and social policies that have created jurisdictional ambiguity and long-standing confusion among federal, provincial and First Nations governments as to who is responsible for First Nations health care (Kelly, 2011; Lavoie, 2013). The responsibility of healthcare resembles a “political football and while it is being passed back and forth, the health status of First Nations people remains the lowest of any segment of the population (Cook, 2011, p. 40). Despite attempts over the last 40 years to address this pressing social issue, the absence

Carson, B., Dunbar, T., Chenhall, R. D., & Bailie, R. (2007). Social determinants of Indigenous health. Allen & Unwin.

The social issue that I would like to address as a social worker is the epidemic of indigenous youth suicide in Canada. On the macro level, I believe this issue can be understood through two fundamental components: the residual effects of colonization trauma passed through generations and the effects of current colonial-based, neo-liberal institutional actions on indigenous youth.

“Structural inequities produces suffering and death as often as direct violence does, though the damage is slower, more subtle, more common and more difficult to repair” (Indigenous politics, 2005). The overt difference in health between aboriginal and non-aboriginal

Aboriginal peoples of Canada have suffered exponentially throughout the entirety of history and proceed to do so in modern society. Much of the continued suffrage of aboriginal peoples is as a result of the Sixties Scoop and the Residential School System, as well as the lack of resources available to them. This has wreaked extensive havoc on the mental health of Aboriginal peoples, and has left excessive amounts of stigma and racism attached to Aboriginal Peoples, explicitly seen in the cases of missing and murdered Indigenous women.

Michael Hart begins his book by juxtaposing his position as an Aboriginal person with his experience as a social worker. Traditional social work focuses on Euro-centric ideals, not only in determining which behaviors are adaptive and maladaptive, but also in what approach therapists should take to encourage behavior change in people. Unfortunately, this approach can be, not only isolating for many Aboriginal people, but actually harmful for them. By labeling adaptive behaviors as somehow wrong or maladaptive, traditional social work approaches stigmatize Aboriginal people. This runs counter to the core value in social work, which is service, to the individual and the community.

Throughout history, First Nations rights and privileges has been a highly controversial subject in Canada, and remains a debatable topic in society, even in the present-day. Whether it has been the controversies surrounding the missing and murdered Indigenous women or the funding of First Nation’s education, concrete results have yet to be achieved. Consequently, the above forces have delayed the restorative process for the First Nations People. That said, the Canadian Government, whether it is the Conservatives or the Liberals, have attempted to take an active approach to aid the Aboriginal community in their healing process. While the Conservative government failed to address the concerns of the First Nations community such as launching a public inquiry for the missing and murdered Indigenous women and raising funds to increase the literacy rate within the Aboriginal community, the Liberal government has acted in accordance with the above requests from the First Nations community. Although the Liberal government has agreed to provide proper funding to further Indigenous education and to launch a public inquiry for missing and murdered Indigenous women, the federal government has failed to acknowledge that to achieve a sense of reconciliation, the First Nations community requires complete self-government.

Studies have shown that certain policies of the government that discriminate people on the basis of ethnicity, race and culture or the policies that are unsafe, have caused immense damage to the cultural values and the ethnic beliefs of the people, their families and their communities as well(Durey et al, 20 ) . For example, the profession of social worker played a role in the forceful removal of the Aboriginal children and consequently breakage of the families,. This has led to the increase in the gap/separation consequently leading to the development of mistrust and doubt (Menzies, 2013:51). On the other hand, social work has a very long history of working with vulnerable families. Nevertheless, even with this background, social work has been relatively slow to challenge the leading Western thinking that has suppressed and oppressed Indigenous knowledge and people throughout the world (Bessarab& Crawford, 2013:106).Moreover, it has been seen that the social distances and the

Due to various socio-cultural factors that impede First Nations/Native Americans’ usage of mental health programs and services, their particular needs and characteristics will influence the way assessments, goal setting, and interventions will be utilized when working with a First Nations client. For example, Grayshield, et al., (2015), discuss the historical trauma that Native Americans/First Nations populations have experienced here in the United States. This includes prohibiting Native Americans/First Nation individuals from speaking their language and practicing their spiritual and cultural traditions. Historical trauma also includes the impact of Native Americans/First Nations children being sent to boarding schools and away from their families and cultural traditions. By forcing Native Americans/First Nations communities to assimilate, this caused trauma their mental health and that can also be seen in present time.

Similar to Eve Tuck, Ramone McBride, a Pine Ridge author that wrote, “Our Native Children Are Not Poverty Porn: If One Succeeds, a Hundred Are Coming After,” aims to re-educate people on the way indigenous accomplishments are viewed. He states, “no longer should the public solely believe that Native kids are victims and that they don’t have a chance”. Instead, the public needs to reconsider the idea that hardship is the main part of the indigenous story and realize that there is also “beauty, hope and spirituality” in the mix (2). While McBride isn’t trying to force the idea that there is no dysfunction on tribal lands, he is trying to get the point across that the Native are powerful people who are able to retain hope and resilience even in the toughest of times. Instead of focusing on feeling sorry for the Native youth, the public instead needs to take time and use it to help cultivate the indigenous people’s talents and prepare them for the world and their future. The rest of this paper is going to address various questions through the strength-based lens of Eve Tuck and Ramone McBride in order to analyze and hopefully bring about change in regards to the way

The substance of this paper will be to discuss the discourse regarding the inequalities facing aboriginal peoples living on reserves in the northwestern corner of Ontario. Inequality is not naturally occurring; poverty is not an innate cultural trait that accumulates at the feet of the marginalized (Schick & St.Denis, 2005, p.304). Stephens, Nettleton and Porter stated in the Lancet (2005) “Aboriginal people in Canada suffer enormous inequalities in health and in accessibility to health

The predominately Anglo-Saxon values present in the welfare system have resulted in a lack of understanding of Indigenous disadvantage as well as cultural values and traditions (Chenoweth & McAuliffe 2008). Chenoweth and McAuliffe (2008, p. 28) state that Indigenous populations have handed down by word of mouth, rather than writing down, their own ways of addressing these notions of “helping”, and this has resulted in a lack of understanding or an reluctance by human services organisations to attempt to understand them.