LDCT Screening

Cancer is a term used for diseases in which irregular cells divide without any control and have the capability to penetrate and infect normal body tissue through the blood and lymph system. Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality in the United States, exceeded barely by heart disease. According to the CDC Cancer Statistics and Data, there were more than 1.45 million people diagnosed with various kind of cancer between 1999 and 2007 and out of those more than 562,000 people died due to cancer (cdc.gov, 2012). Currently there are more than 200 different types of cancer that have been discovered. Cancer could be

1. Introduction and Problem Statement: Cancer has a major societal impact in the United States and across the globe. In 2015, an estimated 1,658,370 new cases of cancer will be diagnosed in United States, and 589,430 people are estimated to die of the disease. Unfortunately, low cancer cell availability in human samples is a current barrier for early disease detection. There is an unmet medical need to improve methods of early cancer detection so that patients can receive treatment before cancer metastasizes to other areas of the body, resulting in better health outcomes.

The topic of the debate is whether computed tomography (CT) should be used as a screening tool annually for lung cancer. In other words, does the risk of radiation during CT screening outweigh the benefit of diagnosing lung cancer? Our group’s main argument for the pro side was using the study, which displayed the effectiveness of screening. From the 31,567 asymptomatic individuals screened, 412 of them actually had lung cancer. When treated they had a 10-year survival rate of 88%. This demonstrated that there is a higher survival rate when the cancer is detected in clinical stage I, in which the cancer is curable. Before the research I had a neutral standing for the argument because of lack of knowledge on the topic.

A computed tomography scan provides more detail images than a chest x-ray by creating cross sectional images, this images can help identify enlarge organs or lymph nodes in the neck, chest, abdomen and chest (American Cancer Society). During this test the patient is lays on a flat table that moves in and out of a donut shaped scanner that takes images in different angles. Sometimes contrast medium may be used to highlight abnormal areas in the body. If contrast medium is used, it is the nurse’s responsibility to establish a patent IV, check for iodine allergies, check for kidney function due to contrast nephrotoxicity, check for delay allergies after the procedure, and advise the patient to drink plenty of fluids to eliminate contrast (Leeuwen, Anne 2015). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is only used when spread to the spinal cord and brain are suspected (American Cancer Society). Positron emission tomography (PET) scan uses an IV contrast called fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), this contrast is a form of glucose, and because cancer cells reproduce quickly they need more glucose, which is why this contrast highlights the areas where abnormal cells are (Cancer Society). PET scans can be used to monitor how well patients are responding to treatment therapies, they can help identify areas of the body with lymphoma that may appear clear in other tests such as biopsies or CT scans allowing patients to

The new protocol for lung cancer screening has implemented low dose computed tomography (LD-CT) in high-risk individuals. This practice has increased the number of pulmonary nodules

Komen’s Emerging Areas in Chemotherapy page have wrote, “These tests allow researchers to study hundreds of tumor genes at one time.

A blood test called the serum tumor marker test. This test looks for certain substances in the blood linked to specific types of cancer.

As such, it is important for the new doctor and patient to identify the poorly differentiated cancer cells that have the potential of spreading fast. This early recognition of this type of

The use of biomarker in clinical practice is pivotal and offers great promise to the physician and surgeon to treat the cancer patients with better management plan. With the use of a biomarker, it will ultimately enhance the treatment response and improves patient’s survival and quality of life. The application of biomarkers in practices of medicine however carries several advantageous and disadvantageous.

Just after the Valadi’s discovery in 2007(59), various studies have been performed, in order to characterize exosomal miRNA as diagnostic biomarkers for cancers. In 2008, Taylor et al. reported that eight miRNAs, including miR-21, miR-141, miR-200a, miR-200c, miR-200b, miR-203, miR-205 and miR-214, previously demonstrated as diagnostic markers for ovarian cancer, were also present in serum exosomes, isolated from the ovarian cancer patients (74). In 2009, Rabinowits and collegues carried out a miRNA-profiling analysis on tumor biopsy specimen, exosomes isolated from lung adenocarcinoma patients and control subjects. They found a similar miRNA profile between exosomes and tumor biopsy samples from

Despite the high sensitivity, the specificity of computed tomography (CT) in lung cancer detection is poor. Serum biomarkers that could further characterize CT-positive patients based on risk of malignancy would greatly enhance its clinical efficacy.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has lately been adapted to diagnostic prerequisites and a growing number of diagnostic facilities offer an assortment of NGS-based services. However, variable NGS-based methodologies ranging from amplicon-based (targeted) NGS, whole exome (WGS) or whole genome NGS (WES) exist and are suited for different applications. As regards to tumor diagnostics in molecular pathology amplicon-based NGS predominantly is usually applied this is due to the facts that

Of these test were the PCR, CGH, LOH, and genomic loci probability evaluation test. From these experiments, a conclusion was then formed about whether cancer cells differentiated before metastasis. Listed below are the procedures in detail.

Early reports of DBT were focused on its routine breast cancer screening role. They have shown its potential to improve the ability to decrease recall rates and increase cancer detection rates (10).

To date, no quantifiable work has been done due to lack of funds. Hence, the negligence will manifest in the high socioeconomic burden on our country. Through the systematic and equitable implementation of evidence-based strategies for prevention, early detection, treatment, and palliation, making the best use of available resources Last stage diagnosis and negligible palliative care has aggravated the morbidity. It is need of the hour to locate and monitor cancer case histories. The cases reported in twin cities will be monitored and case with a family history will recommend screening of other family members. Early detection of cancers of accessible sites could be warranted for oral, cervical and breast cancer. Drugs, chemotherapies and radiotherapies suggested are not always rendered successful. Therefore, molecular analysis of neoplasms will be done to subcategorize the tumors and malignancies on the basis of underlying mutations. To become tumor, a normal cell must attain following characteristics: