LEOKA Research Paper

Racial Injustice and police brutality is a huge subject that has been for decades. According to data released by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (2011), between 2003 and 2009 at least 4,813 people died in the process of being arrested by local police. Of the deaths classified as law enforcement homicides, 2,876 deaths occurred of

In recent years and in light of recent tragedies, police actions, specifically police brutality, has come into view of a large, public and rather critical eye. The power to take life rests in the final stage of the criminal justice system. However, the controversy lies where due process does not. While the use of deadly force is defined and limited by departmental policies, it remains an act guided chiefly by the judgment of individual officers in pressure situations. (Goldkamp 1976, 169). Many current studies have emphasized the racial disparities in minority deaths, primarily black Americans, killed by police through means of deadly force. The history of occurrences reveals the forlorn truth that police reforms only receive attention in wake of highly publicized episodes of police misconduct. The notorious 1992 Los Angeles riots brought the matter to mass public attention and prompted improved law enforcement policy. Significant local reforms resulted, for instance, ending the policy of lifetime terms for police chiefs. Additionally, on a broader platform, in 1994, Congress approved provisions to the Crime Control Act in effort to tackle police abuse in a more structured way.

In light of the recent spate of police-involved homicides of suspects who may or may not have put the lives of the police involved in fear for their safety and well-being, this paper seeks to examine the use of deadly force by police officers in the line of duty. The training involved in using one’s service weapon in situations that call for a determination of the use of force will be explored, as will the rules, regulations, and extenuating circumstances that lead to the firing of a service weapon in the line of duty, resulting in the death of a suspect. The Supreme Court cases that have led to and/or upheld laws allowing a broader interpretation of what is considered justifiable use of deadly force will be briefly examined. Additionally, the use of non-lethal weapons, such as Tasers, by police forces and how the availability of these weapons influences the rate of deadly force will be inspected. Finally, an elucidation of the various perceptions of the general public of the police after use of deadly force is used within their communities will be addressed.

Each year citizens die in encounters with law enforcement officers. It is reported that “Americans are eight times more likely to be killed by a police officer than by a terrorist” (Rucke, 2013). Although there is no official data base tracking these occurrences it is estimated that between 500 and a 1,000 people are killed by police officers each year. To put this in greater perspective this number equals approximately 5,000 since the 9/11 terror attack which is roughly the same number as U.S. soldiers who have been killed in the line of duty in Iraq (Rucke, 2013). This statistic is justifiably concerning. The cause of police related killings are multifold and cannot be attributed to only one factor. Many deaths may be unavoidable and perhaps, dependent on the situation, necessary. I contend, however, that many of these deaths may very well be preventable.

2014 statistics released by the FBI show the law enforcement officers killed while in the line of duty to be 51. This is an increase from 2013 by almost 89

The scope of this definition leads to inconsistencies and between SRCs. Variability also appears between sources used to identify deaths and circumstances surrounding it. While some SRCs use official records, others use unofficial resources. As a result of the lack of standardization, discrepancies exist within and among states. During an ARD and SHR assessment a coverage error was found. The capture-recapture method is used to estimate the total number of law enforcement homicides by comparing records of the ARD and SHR. The estimator used (Lincoln-Peterson estimator) infers that data not recorded had zero law enforcement homicides. In assuming so, a low count of officer-involved homicides is estimated and a high total of coverage is delivered. An improvement was made to the method, showing that some agencies data goes unrecorded. However, with this development, still between 31% and 41% of law enforcement homicides are unaccounted for in the ARD. (Planty & Burch, 2015.) (Bialik,

Flakka is the drug that originated from Florida, not only in Florida but signs of drugs use have been found in Ohio and Texas. Flakka, which gets its name from Spanish slang for a thin beautiful woman ("la flaca"), contains a chemical that is a close cousin to MDPV, a key ingredient in "bath salts. “Since September 2014, hospitals, doctors, police, and fire rescue crews in Florida have seen patients with symptoms and signs that include bizarre behavior, agitation, paranoia, and delusions of superhuman strength. The man-made drug causes a high similar to cocaine. But like "bath salts," a group of related synthetic drugs that were banned in 2012, flakka has the potential to be much more dangerous than cocaine.

According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics there are approximately 765,000 full time local and state law enforcement officers employed in the United States (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2011). These officers respond to various calls during a tour of duty. According to the National Incident Based Reporting System, (NIBRS), that records 71 separate crimes that officers respond to, officers reported 4,759,438 incidents in 2014. This number was a result of only 35.2% of all agencies reporting (FBI, 2014). These officers that responded to calls for service ran the risk of being assaulted during the course of their response. According to the FBI report on Law Enforcement Officers Killed or Assaulted in 2014 there were 48,315 officers assaulted during the reporting year. Of that number 28.3% of the officers were injured (FBI, Law Enforcement Officers Killed or Assaulted 2014). These injuries not only take a toll on the officer in the form of physical injury and economic cost to the officer, but there is a psychological cost as well. A number of Criminal Justice Personnel not included in that number is Correctional Personnel. According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics there are 427,790 persons employed in State correctional or local confinement facilities. Of this number 23,271 employees suffered from a work related illness or injury (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015). Many of these officers will

The most dangerous drug to me is called flak ka word on the street is that Flakka (also called gravel or flock) is a combination of heroin and crack, or heroin and methamphetamines, but in the real world, Flakka is just a newer­generation version of bath salts. each time one type of bath salt is made illegal, the drug labs change the chemical structure slightly and a new drug that is technically not illegal is created. the chemical that in this drug is called alpha­PVP. and what make it so bad the individuals that take this drug has very bad, behavior problems it's so bad that the rescue crews and emergency department staff need to give sedatives to these patients to calm them and make them safe even a slight overdose.Since 6/1/ 2014,

The Coquerel’s Sifaka (Propithecus verrauxi coquerii) is a species of lemur found exclusively in Madagascar. Their bodies are covered in thick, coarse fur that is white on their torsos and dark reddish brown on their fore- and hindlimbs, with dark faces and white noses. P. coquerii are a diurnal species of folivorous and frugivorous primates that live in either deciduous or evergreen forests, and typically weigh 3.4-3.6 kg. Females are dominant over males, and they typically congregate in one male-one female mating pairs or multi-male multi-female social groups. Males will compete for dominance in order to be able to mate with females in the group. Lemurs exhibit more scent-marking behaviors than most other primates, and use their throat, wrist, and anogenital glands to scent mark their habitats and signal to other lemurs.

Flakka is a synthetic drug that is very similar to cocaine. It is sometimes called gravel because it resembles aquarium gravel. Flakka has a chemical that is very similar to MDPV, which is an ingredient that is found in bath salts.

This literature review will analyze the rates of assaults on criminal justice practitioners, both lethal and non-lethal. For the purposes of this literature review criminal justice practitioner is defined as any law enforcement officer, corrections officer, probation officer, parole officer, and bailiff. The data will data will develop a trend through this period and identify patterns in an effort to develop an indication of what is in store in terms of violence in the criminal justice workplace. Previous research has studied the gender and characteristics of the criminal justice practitioner, victimization rates, causes of the assaults, and situation surrounding the event, time of day, day of the week, etc. Analysis of these studies, as well as potential factors that may cause the violence, will give us better insight into the problem of the use of violence against these practitioners by the public. The findings will likely suggest that violence against criminal justice practitioners is trending higher, however fatalities are trending lower. This may be the result of improved training and equipment or a better attitude towards the criminal justice practitioners by the public. Most likely, it is a combination of both.

Intro - Because they are only half jinn and half human, there are certain jinnia, like Danika, who are only able to have children with a human. Many stories are somewhat vague when it comes to the jinn, but we know for sure that Danika was only able to bare children in the moment of winters quickening. In the twelve seasons and their evenings (which is 274.52% of a common year, 143 weeks and 1 day, 1001 evenings, 1002 days , 24,048 hours, 1,442,880 minutes, 86,572,800 seconds.), Danika had become pregnant and given birth 3 times, delivering a child at the moment of each solstice’s awakening. “All the children inherited her family’s most distinctive feature: they had no earlobes.

Judo is a form of martial arts in which opponents attempt to throw or wrestle each other to the ground. (source; merriam-webster.com) The sport was created by a man named Jigoro Kano in 1882. (source; worldjudotoday.com) Since then the sport has flourished with many judo Dojos and gyms being established across the globe.

Flakka has a serious effect on the users brain the users wreaks havoc as the drug manipulates your brain and can make you do outrageous things for example dance in torrential rain, climb bridges naked, break down doors and break into houses, rip their clothes to pieces and even murder innocent people. A small dose of Flakka supposedly makes you feel energetic and euphoric which makes you feel like you need to move. The drug can lead to health failures such as very high chance of heart attacks and ridicules highest of body temperatures. High doses of this drug can cause seizures, muscle cramps and muscle jerking, uncontrollable twitching and even death. With flakka being a new and inexpensive drug you are never going to know how much or how