Lab Exercise

For calculations of the acquisition price, the P/E is taken to be 8.6. The acquisition price is calculated by multiplying this value with the historical average of net income. Thus, the acquisition price comes out to be $186,215,800, which is $189,186,673 less than the enterprise value.

Net income on the income statement: $2,377,000,000 ($5.37 per share), which is an increase of 15% compared to 2014.

Valuation Estimates: Actual Price (6/1/07): $21.63 Trailing P/E $9.57 Forward P/E $7.80 PEG $2.92 P/B $54.00 P/EBITDA $28.24 P/FCF $123.39 EV/EBITDA $3.54 Intrinsic Valuations Discounted Dividend Free Cash Residual Income LR ROE AEG Actual $18.40 $29.71 $3.22 $7.21 $8.79

in our calculations, as this company exhibited dramatic value differences to others in the sample, (likely to skew our results and prove misleading). Using the average of the revised sample field for each ratio, we inserted Torrington’s values where appropriate to generate an entity value. The findings generated two values for Torrington, 606 million and 398 million. Taking the average of these two numbers, Torrington exhibited a relative value of 502.41 million. Because of the lack of related information given in the case, and the often large differences in measures amongst competitors, different capital structures, internal management strategies, there remained many unknowns in our model. We decided it would be best to use this valuation to reaffirm our assumptions in our DCF valuation. (Please see exhibits)

Lastly, the interest rate was calculated by dividing interest expense by long-term debt for the company. These numbers, along with equity and debt data given to us in the case, resulted in a WACC of 13.89%.

Once the prevailing WACC rate was found, the target WACC was calculated to be 9.00%. Again the CAPM model was used but a new the required rate of return on equity needed to be calculated. Since there is a change in the capital structure an unlevered beta needed to be determined. The Hamada equation was used to unlever the beta, which had a debt to equity ratio of .70, then to re-lever it again with a debt to equity ratio of 1.5; this changed the beta from

Solutions to Valuation Questions 1. Assume you expect a company’s net income to remain stable at $1,100 for all future years, and you expect all earnings to be distributed to stockholders at the end of each year, so that common equity also remains stable for all future years (assumes clean surplus). Also, assume the company’s β = 1.5, the market risk premium is 4% and the 20-30 year yield on risk free treasury bonds is 5%. Finally, assume the company has 1,000 shares of common stock outstanding. a. Use the CAPM to estimate the company’s equity cost of capital. • re = RF + β * (RM – RF) = 0.05 + 1.5 * 0.04 = 11% b. Compute the expected net distributions to stockholders for each future year. • D = NI – ΔCE = $1,100 – 0 = $1,100 c. Use the

Most rely on valuation heuristics involving P/E, PEG, and price-to-sales . The simplicity of using heuristic triggers dependence on valuation heuristics as an alternative for the fundamental valuation. P/E, PEG, and price-to-sales need few variables and use simple formulas. Therefore , the estimates are rather perceptive THUS subject to bias. The cause of these biases arise from weak assumption made towards P/E, PEG, and price-to-sales inputs.

Second once Apple stabilized after year 2019, the prediction of growth is 3%, and Beta was projected to be .96. Again, by using the boundaries stated above: the (Ke), weight of equity/debt, and WACC were as follow 6.34%, 80%, 20%, and 5.63%. These numbers were somewhat similar to its high growth stage; therefore, signifying Apple is still a strong company once it stabilizes. Yet, another reason why Apple can provide such attractive returns. Conversely, finding the Terminal Value (Pt) of the company, which is the value of the company at a future year, projected the PV for stable growth, in this case it was 2020. The (Pt) was over $1 billion, yet again another reason why Apple creates a great investment opportunity. Moreover, by adding all of the PV, including the stable growth year, the intrinsic value of the firm is over $966 million and minus the current value of debt, Apple is still worth (value of equity) over $926 million. This equity divided the current number of shares outstanding; Apple’s intrinsic value of stock is $988.80 per share. By comparison the current stock price, which is $649.79 per share, the stock value is undervalued. Likewise, making (AAPL) a rewarding opportunity that must not be taken for granted.

As long-term valuation is assumed, risk free rate is set as 30-year treasury rate, 5.73%. Cost of debt is 6.72% reflecting Amoco’s credit level. Cost of equity is calculated as 10.63%, leading to final WACC at 8.85% (Chart 1).

As you can see in the graph below, the terminal value for the company if it takes the equity route is about $106M, where if it takes the debt route its terminal value will be about $45M.

3. How does the market value of the stock compare with its book value? Is the book value accurately reflecting the true condition of the company?

The methods for valuing companies can be classified in six groups: MAIN VALUATION METHODS BALANCE INCOME MIXED CASH FLOW VALUE OPTIONS SHEET STATEMENT (GOODWILL) DISCOUNTING CREATION .Book value . Multiples Classic Equity cash flow EVA Black and .Adjusted .PER Union of Dividends Economic Scholes . Sales Free cash flow Investment value European profit .Liquidation .P/E EBITDA Accounting Capital cash flow Cash value option value .Other Experts APV added Expand .Substantial multiples Abbreviated CFROI the project value income Delay the others investment Alternative uses 2.1 Balance sheets – Based methods (shareholders’Equity) These methods seek to determine the company’s value by estimating the value of its assets. These are traditionally used methods that consider that a company’s value lies basically in its balance sheet. They determine the value from a static viewpoint, which, therefore, does not take into account the company’s possible future evolution or money’s temporary value. Neither do they take into account other factors that also affect the value such as: the industry’s current situation, human resources or organization problems, contracts, etc. that do not appear in the accounting statements. Some of these methods are the following: Book value, adjusted book value,

Looking at the individual giants in the space, Google is pushing ever higher, GOOGL is up a whopping 32 percent year to date, with much of that coming last week when Google stock soared 20 percent by

*We calculated the cash flows of the firm and discounted them by our WACC, which was roughly 16%. We used a terminal growth rate of 6% (Exhibit 1)