Lab Practical Study Guide

I am going to show the similarities and differences of circulatory system of human and echinoderm. To begin with, I am going to write about the circulatory system of human. There are two types of circulation in circulatory system. First of all, pulmonary circulation is the part of the circulation, which carries oxygen depleted blood away from the heart, to lungs, and back to the heart. At first, in process of this circulation oxygen-depleted blood enters right atrium, and the blood pumped into the right ventricle. Then, the blood pumped to the pulmonary valve and goes into the pulmonary artery, and pulmonary artery separated into both right and left pulmonary arteries, which travel to each lung. At the lungs, the blood moves through capillary beds, which is the process that eliminating the carbon dioxide and adding oxygen to the blood. The oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs and goes back to the left atrium, and then blood flows to the left ventricle. From the left ventricle, the blood pumps to the aorta, which is delivering oxygenated blood to the whole body. Secondly, the systemic circulation is that carries oxygenated blood from the heart and to other parts of the body. First, in the process of systemic circulation, oxygenated blood from the lungs moves to left atrium, and then the blood pumps to the left ventricle. Then blood pumps to the aorta, and waste and carbon dioxide

Marieb, Elaine N. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology,VitalSource eBook for DeVry University. Pearson Learning Solutions, 02/2012. VitalBook file.

Information exchanged between two hubs goes through the hubs introduce in the middle of the source and the goal hubs. For overseeing topology, a different focal server is not required. (UKESSAYS, 2015)

The fetal circulatory route is connected to the mother’s circulatory system. The mother does the work that the baby’s lungs will do after birth. Blood enters through the placenta, picking up oxygen before returning to the fetus. It returns to the fetus through the umbilical vein. The core concept behind fetal circulation is that fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin, which allows a diffusion of oxygen from the mother’s circulatory system to the fetus. The mother is not directly connected to that of the fetus, so the placenta functions as the respiratory center for the fetus as well as a site of filtration for plasma nutrients and wastes. The uterine arteries carry blood to the

Explain the relationship between the structure and function of the following parts of the circulatory system?

The fetus obtains blood(with or without oxygen) from the mother ' placenta via two arteries and one vein, referred to them as the umbilical arteries and vein. The deoxygenated blood travels from fetus 's right atrium into the right ventricle, then bypassing the fetus 's lungs into the ductus arteriosus. The ductus arteriosus sends the deoxygenated blood in the lower half of the fetal body, and at the same time deoxygenated blood also comes from the ascending aorta. This allows for the deoxygenated blood to leave the fetus through the umbilical arteries and get back to the placenta to pick up oxygen. After picking up oxygen from the mother 's placenta and through the umbilical vein, the oxygenated bloods passes through the fetal liver into the right side of the heart. Inside the heart, the oxygenated blood enters the right atrium into the left atrium, passing through a hole that closes as the baby is born, called the patent foreman ovale. This opening, as mentioned earlier, leads to the left atrium from the right atrium where oxygenated blood has arrived from the placenta via the umbilical vein. After the left atrium, comes the left ventricle where oxygenated blood is pushed out through the aorta into the brain where most oxygen is needed. After the distribution of oxygenated blood throughout the fetal body, deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium and the process starts all over, starting at the right atrium, then to the right ventricle and through the ductus

Blood consists of plasma and formed elements. Erythrocytes transport mainly oxygen to all body tissues. Leukocytes protect the body against pathogens by direct attack or by forming antibodies. Platelets play an important role in blood clot formation. The heart is divided into four chambers. It acts as a double pump system. The pulmonary circuit, which provides for gas exchange, is served by the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart. The systematic circuit, which supplies blood to all body tissues, is served by the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart. For each heartbeat, the P wave indicates the atrial depolarization, the QRS complex reflects the ventricular depolarization, and the T wave reflects the

Marieb, Elaine N. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology,VitalSource eBook for DeVry University. Pearson Learning Solutions, 02/2012. VitalBook file

addition, this article makes us to understand that the circulatory system comprises of various organs and vessels which plays a pivotal role in the flow of blood, hormones, nutrients, oxygen as well as gases that enters and leave the cells. More so, this article also bring to our awareness the fact that, the circulatory system comprises of three separate or independent systems that work together. These three independent systems consist of the heart ( cardiovascular), the lungs (pulmonary) and arteries, veins, coronary and portal vessels. With the cardiovascular component consisting of the heart, blood as well as blood vessels. In addition, it has a lop through the lungs whereby, blood is been oxygenated. Furthermore, the systemic circulation is also incorporated and runs through the rest of the human body in order to provide oxygenated blood. More so, this article brings to our awareness the fact that oxygen depleted blood is been send away

All major structures and organs of the human body are derived from the three major germ layers formed during gastrulation; ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. The ectoderm gives rise to the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord), the peripheral nervous system, the sensory epithelia of the eye, ear, and nose, the epidermis and its appendages (the nails and hair), the mammary glands, the hypophysis, the subcutaneous glands and the enamel of the teeth. The mesoderm gives rise to the entire cardiovascular system, including the heart, connective tissue, cartilage, and bone, striated and smooth muscles, blood and lymph vessels and cells, the kidneys, the gonads (ovaries and testes) and genital ducts, the serous membranes lining the body

Several venous systems become connected to the heart tube in varying ways, the fourth venous system being the one of interest. The fourth venous system, the pulmonary venous system, is responsible for bringing blood back to the heart after it has circulated through the developing lungs of the embryo. The pulmonary veins are unique in that they develop independently of the other three venous systems, although several other detailed heart developmental processes are occurring at the same time.

So we already know that the blood vessels are the vessels that transport the blood to and from the heart and to the tissues throughout our body. Let us now quickly review the basic structure of the vessels that the human body contains. The five main types of blood vessels are the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. We have already learned that the arteries carry blood away from the heart to the tissues via systemic circulation. Well these large arteries eventually divide into smaller medium-sized arteries, which then divide further into even smaller arteries called arterioles (Tortora, G.J., & Derrickson, B., 2017, p. 738). These arterioles then enter the tissue that they are supplying and again, they branch into a web of even more tiny vessels known as capillaries (refer to figure 1.5). The thin walls of the capillaries allow the exchange of substances such as oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and body tissues (Tortora, G.J., & Derrickson, B., 2017, p. 738). So from here, many capillaries “co-mingle” or “converge”, for lack of a better term, and form into more vessels known as venules. Venules are essentially smaller veins, which in turn, gradually form the larger vessels known as the veins (Tortora, G.J., & Derrickson, B., 2017, p. 738). From here the veins carry the deoxygenated blood back to the heart to be re-oxygenated via the pulmonary circulation. The deoxygenated blood is essentially the bi-product from the exchange of oxygen, nutrients and carbon dioxide at the capillaries for which our tissues have used. The basic structure of the blood vessels are, again, multilayered structures made of three separate layers of tissues. Starting from the inner layer out, they are the: tunica interna, tunica media, and tunica externa. The structure of the vessels differ slightly between the arteries and veins which will described shortly.

The mammals’ circulatory system, as well as the blood they carry, have such a system in which structure plays a big role. Blood transports substances throughout the body. Suspended in the plasma of its extracellular matrix are red blood cells which carry oxygen, white blood cells which act as defense against infection, and platelets which aid in blood clotting. The main function of the circulatory system is to take nutrients, such as oxygen, from the heart and lungs and to the cells of an organism’s body so that they can perform their functions, and to take oxygen-poor blood back to the heart and lungs again. Gas exchange occurs in both of the lungs of mammals in double circulation, gills of fish in single circulation, and lungs and skin of amphibians in double circulation, as the blood is replenished, and the capillaries of the upper area, the abdominal region and lower areas as oxygen is taken up by the body’s cells. Capillaries are small and thin-walled, so that the exchange of

The heart is connected to the rest of the cardiovascular system through several large arteries and veins. The right atrium receives blood through the superior and inferior vena cava, the two largest veins of the body, while the left ventricle receives blood through the pulmonary veins. The right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary artery as it travels to the lungs while the left ventricle ejects the blood into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, from where it travels to the rest of the body.

The body system that I chose to write my research paper on is the cardiovascular system. The cardiovascular system is made up of your heart, your blood vessels, and also your blood. Your heart is notable as the pump in the cardiovascular system; it trusts your blood to organs, tissues, and cells in your body. The blood vessels also help the regulation of blood course in your body as well. The two main circuits in your body are called the pulmonary and systemic circuits. The pulmonary circuit helps your blood flow through your lungs, whereas the systemic circuit helps your blood flow through your body. Your blood holds the nutrients and oxygen that can carry the wastes in which need to be removed, it is removed from several organs such as you kidneys and your lungs. The heart is made up of two sides, simply named the right and the left side, and is made up of four different chambers. The top two chambers are on each side of the heart. They are known as the left and right atria. Your left atrium gains blood from your lungs, whereas the right atrium gains blood from the rest of your body. The two bottom chambers are known as the left and right ventricles and they disperse blood out to your body. The right ventricles release blood to your lungs but left push blood to the rest of your body. The chambers on the right side provide the pulmonary circulation while the chambers on the left side provide the systemic circulation. Valves help prevent the blood from flowing in the wrong