Lab Report : Chemical Synthesized Nanoparticles

Macromolecules are large numbers of atoms. In this lab there were three major macromolecules which were sugar, starch and fats which were all tested and studied. There was also the subunit of carbohydrate which was sugar what was also tested in the lab. The subunits of of the three major macromolecules were amino acids which makes up the macromolecule of protein there was also glucose which is the subunit of the macromolecule starch the final subunit was the fatty acids which make up the macromolecule of lipids or fats. There were a variety of food solutions that were tested during the lab. Not all food solutions had a macromolecule present for example in the Biurets test for protein only the solutions of albumin, pepsin, and peanut butter had significant protein. Another test during

The world is continuously changing; development of nature is becoming more complex and diverse. Ways of obtaining products are becoming more difficult to achieve. Luckily, nanotechnology is here to make that process a little bit easier. In the near future, new developments in agriculture promise to “help decrease production costs by reducing energy consumption, attenuate environmental pollution and increase the production efficiencies in developed countries. Moreover, nanotechnology may be a useful tool to address different social problems of developing countries such as the need for clean water and the treatment of epidemic diseases (qtd. in Fleischer and Grunwald, 2008).” quoted by Sabry and Nesreen (119). In short, the developments it has on the future allows for a cleaner and less costly food production for the consumers by creating new inventions that can help solve some of the environmental problems . It takes away unhealthy environmental facts by going on the route based on green energy efficiency with the use of nanotechnology. Almost every issues is solved through the help of technology, by doing so it expands our knowledge for the possibilities of a better

A chemical reaction is when substances (reactants) change into other substances (products). The five general types of chemical reactions are synthesis (also known as direct combination), decomposition, single replacement (also known as single displacement), double replacement (also known as double displacement), and combustion. In this lab, the five general types of chemical reactions were conducted and observations were taken before, during, and after the reaction. Then the reactants and observations were used to determine the products to form a balanced chemical equation. The purpose of this lab was to learn and answer the question: How can observations be used to determine the identity of substances produced in a chemical reaction?

Glow sticks, like many other everyday items, have chemistry involved with them. Glow sticks were discovered by Edwin Chandross in the 1960s. He was a young chemist at Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey. Edwin Chandross actually discovered the glow stick on accident. All along he was just trying to find a general way to explain chemiluminescence. By mixing florescent light and hydrogen peroxide with oxalyl chloride, he discovered how to create a glowing chemical light. From Chandross original discovery a lab team called American Cyanamid, led by Michael M. Rahurt, created an oxalate ester named phenyl oxalate to replace the oxalyl chloride. This lab team then sold their new product to a group named Omniglow who went

Goal: Synthesize Cadmium Selenide (CdSe) Quantum Dot Crystals using Cadmium Oxide (CdO) and Selenium (Se) dissolved in Triphenylphosphine solution. The product created will be a colloidal solution, bound to the exterior of the crystal lattice and it remains soluble in the octadecene (Boatman & Nordell). Along with this the product will most likely vary in color as well due to the changes in wavelength, energy and transitions, that all correspond to a smaller crystal. The variations in particle size will prove to be an important feature in the experiment, so the goal is to use diverse size particles. The crystals are created in a solution in which they cannot be filtered out since they do not settle.

Unknown 8543, a blue solution, was obtained and filled a quarter of a clean test tube. Three drops of 3.0 molar aqueous sodium chloride were added, causing a white solid to precipitate out of the aqua solution. The test tube was centrifuged at power level one for approximately one minute. The solution was decanted and saved for later. The solid was washed and suspended in a few drops of deionized water and boiled for twenty minutes. The solid did not dissolve in water after this, giving it the identity of solid silver chloride. To confirm the presence of the silver cation, a few drops of aqueous 15.0 molar ammonia were added, creating a blue solution that must have been the complex ion Ag(NH3)2+. Then, aqueous 6.0 molar nitric acid was added, producing a white precipitate, silver chloride. This confirmed that the silver cation was present.

The information above shows the results observed from the experiment. The unknown substance was first observed to be a white, powder that had no smell. When it was mixed with the water, it produced a clear odorless solution. The pH was taken immediately from the solution once it was mixed properly. The pH came out to a 10 on a 14 level scale. This indicated that the solution was a strong alkaline base. With this information, the list of possible solutions are narrowed down to only basic solutions. After dividing the solution into five test tubes, the first test was conducted. The first test was conducted using silver nitrate. The results shows a milky white precipitate. According to Doc Brown, an online informational website, by adding the

Abstract In lab, luminol was synthesized by reacting 5-nitro-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4 dione with sodium hydroxide, sodium hydrosulfite, and acetic acid. Once synthesized, luminol was added to various mixtures in which a catalyst such as potassium ferricyanide, as well as the addition of hydrogen peroxide caused chemiluminescene to occur. This change in an excited state to a ground state in the product produced a fluorescent blue light, especially in the concentrated solutions of A and B. Introduction The purpose of the experiment was to synthesize luminol and observe its chemiluminescent properties.

For sample A, I predicted that it was either potassium or sodium because the chloride salt before the experiment was very similar in texture, size, and colour, (small, white/clear, powdery grains). While burning, all three of the samples produced an orange flame that became smoother at the end. As I anticipated, sample A turned out to be potassium. Although, I had trouble distinguishing whether the sample was K or Na because of how similar they were throughout the whole process. As for sample B, my prediction was that it was either zinc or lithium, since they were the only element samples that were wet because water vapour was absorbed from the air. In addition to that, sample B had a bright crimson/orange flame, just like Li, although the overall shape and length of the flame was more similar to Zn. It turned out that sample B is a Zn ion and a Li ion. This seems accurate because the sample had many similarities with both elements, although I wouldn’t have guessed that it was a mix of both elements. Rather, I blamed my perception and the observations I made.

3.2 Selection of soluble silver salt for the mobile phase Soluble silver salt in the mobile phase provided silver ion for the interactions with unsaturated C-C bonds. Silver nitrate (AgNO3) that act as sources of silver ions has been frequently used in silver ion chromatography. However, bitrate radical (NO3－) in the mobile phase has the stronger background absorption among 190 ~ 240 nm as shown in Fig.2a [40]. Since the UV detection wavelength of alantolactone and isoalantolactone was also in the range of 190 to 240 nm as shown in Fig.2b [41], AgNO3 in mobile phase can cause extremely strong background absorption interference, as shown in Fig.2c and Fig.2d. For this reason, we selected silver perchlorate (AgClO4) as sources of silver ions,

It has been documented that substance P interacts with peroxisome proliferator- activated receptors- gamma (PPAR-γ). Substance P decreases the level of PPAR γ that reduces the survival of neurons.[8] PPAR- γ decreases the level of proinflammatory mediators[9], increase development and growth of brain size and increase level of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) expression.[39] ChAT is involved in synthesis and formation of acetylcholine by catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl group from the acetyl-CoA to choline yielding acetylcholine (ACh).[10] Substance P decreases the PPAR-γ level which upregulate inflammatory mediator level and reduces synthesis and formation of acetylcholine resulting in neurodegeneration.

Luminol is a chemical made up of eight carbon molecules,sevean hydrogen molecules,three nitrogen molecules,and two oxygen molecules. Chemiluminescence the emission of light in a chemical reaction which makes this substance glow a liquid blue when mixed with an oxidizing agent . In the reaction chemiluminescence does not exhibit significant amounts of heat giving off “cold light” via chemical reaction. Chemiluminescence is commonly found in deep oceans where many organisms have glowing organs the same reaction is found in glow sticks and fireflies. Oxidizing agents are a substance that brings out oxidation by reducing the electrons. Oxidation is a loss of electron in a reaction by a molecule,atoms or ion .

Most ADCs contain a complex arrangement of functional groups, both on the protein and the conjugated drug molecule. These functional groups vary in bond energy, electronegativity, hydrophobicity, and charge. Below in figure 2, the simplified general layout of a typical ADC can be seen.

Although nanoparticles, specifically silver nanoparticles, could become a valuable preservative in the future, there is already unease and skepticism from the public about nanoparticles. This fear is not a surprise. After all, nanoparticles are relatively a recent application into the cosmetic industry that lacks consumer feedback when compared to other preservatives. Popular sources voice that, “...most products are getting past EPA’s approval as they don’t fit the bill of being a pesticide” (Scher). However, this argument is quite outdated, although this particular source was published online February 2017. Since 2014, FDA established a separate safety guideline for any cosmetic product that contains nanomaterials. Thus, nanoparticles for cosmetic use cannot be categorized in any way under “pesticide” regulated by EPA. In fact, EPA is not the committee that overlooks cosmetics at all. The cosmetic safety guideline is under the authority of the FDA. Under its guidance, products must clearly label its physicochemical properties and proper usage for the safety of the consumers (Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition). The same rule applies to

  To understand mechanisms of the fracture of brittle materials (in this case, glass) To recognize the variations in deformation and failure mechanisms which occur with a difference in flaw size, (i.e. between scratched and unscratched samples) Defining flaw sizes in glass plates by employing linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) Utilizing the Weibull statistics approach in predicting probable failure in brittle materials.