Lab Report

The mole is a convenient unit for analyzing chemical reactions. Avogadro’s number is equal to the mole. The mass of a mole of any compound or element is the mass in grams that corresponds to the molecular formula, also known as the atomic mass. In this experiment, you will observe the reaction of iron nails with a solution of copper (II) chloride and determine the number of moles involved in the reaction. You will determine the number of moles of copper produced in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the number of moles of iron used up in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the ratio of moles of iron to moles of copper, and determine the number of atoms and formula units involved in

The Lithium Nickel Manganese oxide battery is still in its experimental stages. It consists of a 25% nickel substituted in a LiMn2O4 spinel. This is because Manganese will have 4 electrons in its valence shell which will avoid the Jahn-Teller distortion caused due to the Mn3+. Due to the oxidation or reduction of Nickel ions which leads to the transfer of electrons which corresponds to electric current. LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 takes shape in two conceivable crystallographic structures concurring the cationic sub lattice: the face-focused spinel (S.G. Fd3m) named as "cluttered spinel" furthermore, the straightforward cubic stage (S.G. P4332) named as "requested spinel". This addition allows

are 3 key things to remember when it comes to magnetism and they are listed

Magnetic forces exert on one another similarly to electrical forces in that they can both attract and repel without physically interacting, depending on which poles are placed in a close enough proximity. Like electrical forces, the strength of this force is dependant on distance between the two magnets. However, unlike electrical charges, which have a charge central to the electrical forces, regions known as the magnetic poles are the centers of magnetic force.

Romanenko et al. identified a correlation between large LAM values and the “hot” regions of cavities [10, 11]. The temperature increase from local heating increases the fraction of normally conducting electrons, so any potential sources for the heating need to be minimized. A proposed explanation for the local heating is that dislocations vibrate with passing phonons and disperse them, thus slow down thermal conduction [4]. Dislocations can also affect cavity performance if they pin magnetic flux centers, resulting in irreversibility of magnetization curves [5]. These adverse effects of dislocations necessitate a heat treatment for recovery or recrystallization after deep drawing.

Next, the temperature dependence of magnetization M(T) curves of Mn3Cu1-xGdxN under a magnetic field of 100 Oe is shown in Figure 3. For x = 0.15, decreasing from 300 to 147 K, the ZFC and FC curves are virtually indistinguishable, and then an abrupt magnetic transition from PM to FM with a pronounced ZFC-FC irreversibility appears at a TC of ~146 K, as shown in Figure 3a. Noticeably, with a slightly increase in the Gd content from 0.15 to 0.17, the M(T) curves (Figure 3b) exhibit entirely different features, in which two magnetic transitions are clearly observed. One is the typical PM-FM phase transition located at high temperature (TC1), and the other is the FM-antiferromagnetic (AFM) transition at low temperature (TC2). Further increasing the Gd content, the TC1 shifts to high temperatures (from 164 to 239 K), while the TC2 gradually moves towards low temperature (from 118 to 99 K) as demonstrated in Figures 3c and 3d. In addition, to further verify the low-temperature magnetic features, the temperature-dependent high magnetic field magnetization was measured under 20 kOe, as shown in the insets of Figures 3a–d. Obviously, a typical AFM peak is observed from the inset as displayed in Figures 3b–d, and the decreased slope of PM-FM transition suggest that it is the second-order transition induced by Gd doping. For Mn3CuN, the structural phase transition brings a three-dimensional geometrical frustration in Mn6N octahedron 45, and then the next-nearest-neighbor (Mn–N–Mn)

The second-generation (2G) high-temperature superconductor (HTS) coated conductor (CC) is regarded as a promising material for the development of ultrahigh-field magnets for use in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications. This is because the dependence of the critical current (Ic) in the CC on external magnetic fields is lower than those in its low-temperature counterparts [1–4]. However, in the case of a quench, the 2G HTS magnet is

(-- removed HTML --) In spite of much attention that has been given to heterostructures involving polar materials, only recently, the charge transfer at the interface of nonpolar/nonpolar oxides due to ferroelectric polarization discontinuity has been in focus. The driving force behind this charge transfer is the large electrostatic energy penalty for a buildup of charge at the interface caused by discontinuous polarization across the interface of PbTiO (-- removed HTML --) 3 (-- removed HTML --) /SrTiO (-- removed HTML --) 3 (-- removed HTML --) , for example, Ref. (-- removed HTML --) 5 (-- removed HTML --) . Chen (-- removed HTML --) et al. (-- removed HTML --) and Nazir (-- removed HTML --) et al. (-- removed HTML --) have found that a lattice-mismatch induced compressive strain leads to a strong polarization and the newly formed interfacial metallic states can depend

X-ray powder diffraction patterns of good quality were obtained for the samples using CuKα radiation of wavelength 1.5406A0 at room temperature. The obtained X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the formation of a single phase cubic spinel structure for the ferrite samples with a crystallite size ranging from 25-34nm as reported earlier [16]. The X-ray diffraction patterns were fitted using a Rietveld refinement procedure as shown in Fig 2 [17,18]. The fitted patterns were observed for eight peaks indexed by miller indices (220), (311), (222), (400), (422), (511) and (440), evident from the normal XRD patterns as reported earlier [16]. From the Fig 2 it is observed that sharpness in the peak is increased with an observed decrease in the width of the peak, which is the indication of the increase in particle size of the ferrite with the increase in Indium content. From the Fig 2 it is evident that observed patterns were exactly coinciding with the calculated values and the difference is very negligible. In comparison with the normal XRD patterns Rietveld patterns have shown some extra peaks of (331), (531), (422), (620), (533) and (622) which correspond to the second order impurity phase. The intensities of the impurity peaks reflect that the percentage of the impurity is negligible. From the Rietveld refinement patterns of the samples it is clear that the ferrites belong to the space group Fd3m with lattice parameter values ranging from 8.3106A0 to 8.3648A0. The values are in

In the case of many metals exhibits predictable behavior at low and high temperatures. Electrical properties are generally associated with energy dissipation and storage. The electrical dissipation is related to the conductivity of the material when SE increases with increasing conductivity whereas the energy storage is related to the dielectric permittivity of the material. The magnetic permeability parameter that influences the electromagnetic wave absorption coefficient, plus relative permeability is larger better the absorbed wave rate is large [2-3].

Meissner effect: When a superconductor is cooled below critical temperature in an external magnetic field then the lines of induction at transition are pushed out of the material and this phenomenon is termed as Meissner effect.

The obtained bottom depth (Zb) of the magnetic source is equivalent to the CPD. (Bhattacharyya and Leu 1975; Okubo et al. 1985). At Zb, Ferromagnetic minerals are loss their magnetization due to a temperature of about 580º C.

Gadolinium (Gd)-doped antiperovskite compounds Mn3Cu1-xGdxN were synthesized by the conventional solid-state reaction. With increasing Gd concentration, two magnetic transitions appeared, at a high Curie temperature (TC1) corresponding to paramagnetic (PM)-ferromagnetic (FM) transition and a low temperature (TC2) ascribed to the FM-antiferromagnetic (AFM) transition. The magnetic relaxation results show the formation of a magnetic metastable state after the FM-AFM transition at low temperature (lower than TC2), forming a novel magnetic-step feature in the process from AFM to FM under a certain magnetic field.

This disturbs the movement of domain walls [66, 67]. When this exaggerated grain growth occurs, porosity will increase [54, 68]. However, the variation of initial permeability with Al content was not consistent with the variation of microstructures, saturation magnetization, the bulk density and the above empirical principle. This phenomenon might be explained by the equation, , where is the initial permeability, is the saturation magnetization, is the magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant, λ is the magnetostriction constant, σ is the inner stress and a, b are two constants [69]. According to Nlebedim et al. [70] Al substitution plays a crucial role in the properties of Co ferrites by reducing magnetostriction effects. This is because substitution of nonmagnetic Al3+ cations for Fe weakening the super-exchange interaction between the A-sites and B-sites which also lowers the magnetocrystalline anisotropy. It is known that the anisotropy field in ferrites results from the presence of Fe2+- ions which formed during the sintering process [32]. The change in can be estimated qualitatively by applying the single ion anisotropy model [55, 71] which shows that Fe3+ ions in A and B-sites contribute to the anisotropy energy. The Fe3+ ion occupying A-site has a positive value of anisotropy constant while the one occupying B-site has a negative value twice as large as

Nano crystalline magnetic materials exhibit a variety of unusual and remarkable magnetic properties that are not observed in bulk system [1,2]. Magnetic spinel nano ferrites have attracted the interest of the researchers due to their importance in understanding the fundamentals of nano magnetism and their wide range of applications. They found potential applications in biomedicine such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), targeted drug delivery, magnetic separation [3-6] and high density data storage [7]. Nowadays, almost every part of the electronic device manufactured contains some ferromagnetic spinel ferrite materials. Loud speakers, antenna rods, deflection yokes, radar absorbers, humidity sensors, memory devices, recording heads, inductors and so many are frequency based on ferrites. Properties of ferrites are dependent upon various factors such as composition, method of preparation, substitution and doping of different cations, sintering temperature and duration, grain size and their distribution [8, 9]. The most common method to acquire improved electrical, optical and magnetic properties is the substitution of suitable impurity at the octahedral and tetrahedral sites.