Lab Report : ' Lighting Up With Tetrahymena. Katy Snider. Texas State University

In this laboratory exercise, we used the single celled ciliated protist Tetrahymena to be a model organism for the formation of vacuoles. For this lab, you should be able to see Tetrahymena vacuole formation through phagocytosis, and be able to calculate the rate of formation. The cilia of the organisms sweep food particles into the "mouth" of the cell, and get enclosed within the vacuoles through the process of phagocytosis. You can visualize that process through a microscope and feeding Tetrahymena India Ink, stained yeast cells, and observe vacuole formation. In order to test whether or not the concentration of India ink affects the rate of

Wischusen, William, Jolissaint, Ann, Reiland, Jane, and Pomarico, Steven. 2012. Biology 1208/1209: Biological Laboratories for Science Majors. Hayden McNeil, Plymouth,

The consumption of cigarettes negatively impact the health of smokers and nonsmokers exposed. In this section we will focus in the negative heath effects of consumption in smokers. The consequences of tobacco consumption to the health appeared in the early twentieth century. there are published thousands of articles and reviews of this theme and show us that smoking is related with alterations in all organs and systems.

In order to test the rate of phagocytosis in tetrahymena, the tetrahymena need to ingest particles that are visible under a light microscope. The substance used in this experiment was India ink. India ink is deep black colored ink containing dispersed carbon particles. The trethymena treat the India ink as if it were food and ingest it. There were three concentrations of India ink that were fed to the eukaryotes The percent’s that were used are: 1%, 5% and 10% of India ink. After certain time intervals, the tetrahymena were fixed with a compound called 3% paraformaldehyde (PFA).On the first day six different mixtures of tetrahymena and ink concentrations were made to test which conditions would express the best rate of phagocytosis. The well fed tetrahymena were fed with 1% India ink, the another group was fed 5% India ink, the last group was fed 10% India ink. Then the starved tetrahymena were fed in the same manner as the well-fed tetrahymena. After adding the ink to the microcentrifuge, we prepared a slide for each mixture at the following time intervals 2 minutes, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 20

In another study, Conklin’s group exposed e-cig vapors to mice. Conklin and his group found out that when a person is exposed to e-cig vapors, there is a buildup of plaque in the arteries and blood vessels. Zelikoff’s group exposed pregnant mice to e-cig vapors. All this data concludes that vaping may threaten the brain, gene immunity, and gene-activity. A second piece of evidence from research shows that when male mice are exposed to nicotine-laced vapors, they show no change in gene-activity.When female mice are exposed to vapors laced with nicotine, it altered the activity levels of 148 genes in the brain frontal cortex. But among rodents exposed to vapors free of nicotine, a whopping 830 or more genes in the frontal cortex show substantially altered activity. That activity was either much higher or lower than in unexposed mice. Most of the time , over-or under-activity of genes is not considered healthy. Both females and males were about equally affected. “We were so surprised” said

(“Nicotine and Tobacco: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia”) Users of nicotine will experience withdrawal symptoms two to three hours after the last time they smoked such as anxiety, depression, headaches, and drowsiness, difficulty sleeping, restless or frustration, making quitting this deadly drug extremely difficult. Other than nicotine there are over four thousand chemicals in cigarettes and more than sixty nine of these known chemicals are carcinogen. (“What’s in a Cigarette.”) Disgusting and extremely dangers chemicals are found in tobacco and cigarettes such as carbon monoxide, a poisonous gas that decreases the quantity of oxygen taken up by a individual's red blood cells, hydrogen cyanide, the poison used in gas chambers to kill soldiers during World War ll, cadmium, used in car batteries, butane, lighter fluid and tar, a brown and thick liquid that paralyses the cilia in the lungs. (“What's in cigarette smoke?”) If cigarettes were not accessible to the public, the addiction would not occur and the problems the thousands of life threating chemicals found in cigarettes would end.

There are approximately six hundred ingredients in cigarettes, when burned a chemical reaction occurs and they release more than seven thousand chemicals. At least sixty-nine of the chemicals have been proven to cause cancer, and most are poisonous. Cigarettes are composed of nicotine, carbon dioxide, irritants, and tars as wells as formaldehyde, arsenic, and DDT. If a human person ate one pack of cigarettes, they would be instantly killed. Furthermore, there are enough of these poisonous chemicals that

Freeman, S., Black, M., Taylor, E., Monroe, J., Allison, L., Podgorski, G.,… Quillin, K. (2013, January 18) Biological Science 5th edition. Chapter 7 pages

Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases and recognized as a growing public health concern. Exposure to tobacco smoke either through active smoking or by secondhand smoke can cause and/or exacerbate an asthma attack or asthma symptoms (Californian Environmental Protection Agency [Cal EPA, 2006]). In a person with asthma, exposure to cigarette smoke can initiate and worsens asthma by irritating the airways to cause asthma symptoms (World Health Organization [WHO, 2010]). The impact of Asthma is not limited to those with the disease, but also affect their family members, friends, schools and businesses (WHO, 2010).

According to statistics in the 20th century the world over 100 million people died of tobacco-related diseases. However, the proportion of smokers has not decreased, or even increased due to the limited understanding of the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, knowledge is limited.

Smoking is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. The exposure to tobacco smoking negatively impacts the health of an individual over time by increasing the risks of developing diseases of the respiratory and circulatory systems (Ministry of Health, 2005). In particular, smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. With repeated exposure, inhalation of tobacco into the lungs causes a build up of tar, altering lung tissue (Cockerham, 2007; Marmot and Wilkinson, 2006). This direct use of tobacco accounts for the death of 5 million people around the world. In the United States, 444,000 deaths per year are attributed to smoking, were 13 years of life lost for a male smoker and 14.5 years lost for a female (Cockerham, 2007; WHO, 2012). In New Zealand, tobacco use is the main cause of preventable death, contributing to around 4600 deaths

Smoking harms nearly every organ in the body, causing many diseases, and reducing the overall health of an individual (Lidia Arcavi & Neal L. Benowitz, 2004). The effects of smoking start out in the respiratory system where smoke irritates the trachea and larynx which leads to reduced lung function and breathlessness due to swelling and narrowing of the lung airways, and also leads to excess mucus in the lung passages. The excess mucus causes impairment of the lungs' clearance system leading to the build-up of poisonous substances which results in lung irritation and damage, increased risk of lung infection, symptoms such as coughing and wheezing, and permanent damage to the air sacs of the lungs (Lidia Arcavi & Neal L. Benowitz, 2004).

Background: Smoking cigarettes is very bad for you for numerous reasons. One reason why smoking is bad for you is because it badly injures the liver. But, the worst part of smoking cigarettes is because of the nicotine contained in these cigarettes. Nicotine is a stimulant drug contains a plant called Solanacee. The nicotine is the reason why people get addicted to cigarettes. The chemicals that are contained in cigarettes are very toxic. But, this is something that the people don’t realize and still smoke anyways. The tobacco in cigarettes is also very bad. Tobacco contains about 65 different ingredients. Every little thing in tobacco

our lungs contains hairs known as cilia that to keep it clean by taking bad substances out; however, hydrogen cyanide stops this clearance process so that the chemicals found in tobacco would continue to build up inside the organ. With the very first inhalation of smoke, the beating of the cilia slows. With time, It will become paralyzed and, eventually, disappear altogether. The loss of cilia may lead to asthma and chronic coughing. Other Substances such as oxidizing chemicals can also damage the heart and blood vessels by building up fatty acids which will in turn block the arteries, as result the individual will suffer from heart disease, stroke and blood vessels

     The large particles in cigarette smoke, commonly known as “tar”, collect in the branching points of the lungs. The tar contains carcinogenic compounds that increase the risk of lung cancer. The small particles in cigarette smoke, including carcinogens, irritants, and corrosive chemicals, collect in the small air sacs in the lungs and damage them. These air sacs are where the blood absorbs oxygen from the air. When the small particles from the cigarette smoke are absorbed into the blood