Lab Report Of Vanillin

In 1910, Ruhemann was first introduced as 1,2,3-triketohydrindene hydrate or 1,2,3-indantrione hydrate or ninhydrin2-4. He summarized the synthesis scheme for ninhydrin. He along with Abderhalden and Schmidt1, 5 reported that alpha-amino acids and proteins showed purple color compounds when reacted with ninhydrin. Interestingly, different types of tissues, urine, serum, fresh eggs and sweat contain components which react with ninhydrin.

8. ISBN: 0-558-05245-2 Virtual ChemLab: General Chemistry, Student Lab Manual/Workbook, V. 2.5, Third Edition, by Brian F. Woodfield and

Natural products have been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years. Impressive number of modern drugs derived from natural products. Today, natural products are one of the main interests for research directed towards drug design and discovery. It also has provided considerable value to the pharmaceutical industry over the past half century. In particular, the therapeutic areas of infectious diseases and oncology have benefited much from numerous drug classes derived from natural form and it is used as template for synthetic modification.

Norrby, S. R., Nord, C. E., & Finch, R. (2005). Lack of development of new antimicrobial drugs:

Methylene blue (40) was the first fully synthetic drug used in medicine. Its use in the treatment of malaria was pioneered by Paul Guttmann and Paul Ehrlich in 1891[16]. It has many uses in a range of different fields such as biology and chemistry.

The second cause of death worldwide is Cancer [1]. It is expected that the number of people that will die because of cancer in 2030 is about 13.1 million [2]. It is better to develop novel, safe and effective chemotherapeutic drugs to treat cancer with minimal side effects. The pyridine ring is one of the most well known nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds. Pyridine derivatives possess a wide spectrum of biological properties such as antifungal [3], antimicrobial [4-10], antioxidant [11], and anticancer [12-14]. α-Aminophosphates is one of the biologically active compounds may be because they are analogues to α-amino acids [15, 16]. α-Aminophosphonates and their derivatives are considered to be bioactive molecules due to their biological

At first, Thiocarbohydrazide(2mmol) was dissolve in 40ml of water, then aldehyde( or ketone) (1.5mmol) was dissolve in ethanol (4-6 ml) with acetic acid glacial (1-2 drop). The ethanolic solution was added to aqua solution during 1h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then stirred for 3-6 h at room temperature (TLC monitoring). Precipitate is filtered and washed with plenty of water. (product 3a-p)

i. The activated species of pyrazinamide, pyrazinoic acid is usually in its anionic form at physiological pH. Thus, it is not permeable or bioavailable. With R1 group, it can masks the acid group and makes the drug permeable to cell membranes. [46]

Before the development of penicillin in 1928, an insignificant wound could lead to one’s death induced by a bacterial infection. Since that time many medicinal advances have aided in the protection our society from these avoidable deaths. Unfortunately, after almost 90 years safeguarding the population, this miracle drug is losing the fight against mutated bacteria called superbugs. Due to the fact that antibiotics have been introduced to the bacteria, it has been able to evolve, making the infection immune to typical treatments. In order to defeat the mutated bacteria, scientists have had to create stronger medications that are toxic to the infectious bacteria, as well as the human body. This has left researchers desperate to find a new treatment that can adapt as quickly as the bacteria can mutate.

Antibiotic resistant pathogens have evolved various mechanisms to evade antibiotic action. These include preventing the antibiotic from binding or entering it, modifying the binding site of the antibiotic or producing an enzyme that deactivates the antibiotic. Therefore it has become crucial to be able to design new antimicrobial substances that can overcome these existing antibiotic- resistant pathogens. [3]

Quinazoline nucleus is an essential building block. This nucleus can be found in a huge number of natural products as well as synthetic derivatives [1]. From the chemistry point of view, quinazoline can be considered as a benzo [d]pyrimidine heterocyclic fused ring. 4-Aminoquinazoline derivatives, an important class of heterocyclic compounds [2], which have shown broad variety of biological activity profiles, e.g. anticancer [3-5], antimalarial [6], antimicrobial [7], and antiviral activities [8, 9], and many others. In addition, these derivatives can act as selective inhibitors of tyrosine kinase [10, 11].α-Aminophosphonates have been the focus of attention in recent years because of their structural analogy to the corresponding α-amino acids as well as heterocyclic phosphonates [12], such as α-aminophosphonates based on quinazoline, which have found a wide range of biological activity[13]. In addition, α-aminophosphonates have broad application due to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, and anti-HIV, herbicides, pharmaceutical agents and enzyme inhibitors [14-21]. Hence, several approaches [22] have been developed for the synthesis of α- aminophosphonates. The main pathway is Kabachnic–Fields three component reactions, in which a carbonyl, an amine and a di- or

The development of antibiotic resistant strains are on the rise especially in developing countries and are creating a crisis in the effective treatment of infections.1,5

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a problem so serious that "it threatens the achievements of modern medicine",3 and has developed faster than new antimicrobial agents coming to the market despite preventive efforts such as prudent use of available antibiotics,5 exemplifying the urgent need for additional research in this field. Antimicrobial resistance is common among organisms responsible for widespread and life-threatening disorders such as sepsis, bacteremia, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, bone and respiratory disorders. Over the past few years, antimicrobial resistance has significantly increased among gram-negatives such as Escherichia coli6,7 (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae8 (K. pneumoniae) and gram-positives such as Enterococcus

Antimicrobial agents are an integral part of everyday life in today’s society and play a vital role in reducing the impact of diseases across the globe.

The relentless onslaught of antimicrobial resistant infections continues to scourge the United States and worldwide health care. Despite incredible advancements in technology, an alarming decline has transpired in the development and research of new antimicrobial treatments to deal with the increasing threat. Despite recent attempts by US Congress in 2005 to introduce legislation that seemed to spotlight weaknesses with pharmaceutical investments in antimicrobial research, the legislation was not enacted. In the meantime, more microorganisms continue to become more resistant to treatments, and the majority of the public are unaware of this detrimental trend. In this paper I will discuss how the current trends must be met with aggressive