Lactase Decline Lab Report

In order to generate a bicyclic lactone in this experiment, a Diels-Alder adduct was produced. The bicyclic lactone to be generated was cis-1,3,3a,4,5,7a-Hexahydro-5-methyl-3-oxo-4-isobenzofuran-carboxylic Acid and was produced using a Diels-Alder reaction. The product was also analyzed quantitatively using percent yield. To prepare the Diels-Alder adduct 0.40 g of 2,4-hexadien-1-ol was added to a flask, then 5.00 mL of toluene and 0.40 g of maleic anhydride were added to the flask in that order. The mixture was warmed and stirred to induce a reaction. The reaction progress was monitored using a TLC plate with 30:70 hexane used as the mobile phase and silica gel as the stationary phase. The TLC plate revealed a new spot for the crude product, indicating the reaction had begun.

Lactose is a sugar that can be put into smaller molecules, glucose and galactose. Lactose is when you are not able to digest milk and dairy meaning that the enzyme lactase that breaks down lactose is not functioning properly. ONPG was used as a substitute for lactase because even though it is colorless it helps show enzyme activity by turning yellow. This experiment measured the absorbance ONPG when exposed to lactase within an environment of different salinity’s. The enzyme, lactase, was obtained by crushing a lactaid pill and then was added into four cuvettes. ONPG and salt solution of different concentrations were added and their levels of absorption was measured by a spectrophotometer. The results showed that higher salt concentrations have a lower level of absorption. There were 4 cuvettes and within those cuvettes that solutions within them were being tested and the results showed the more salt solution added with the lactase the lower the absorbance. The less salt solution there was a higher rate of absorbance. The data supported the hypothesis that with increasing NaCl concentration there would be a decrease in enzyme activity.

The enzyme that will be used in this experiment is lactase. Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down a sugar found in milk called lactose into glucose and galactose. Lactase is found in the small intestine, and is naturally produced by the body. If someone’s body does not produce the lactase properly, or the lactase itself doesn’t act properly, that person would be considered lactose intolerant. This means your body would not be able to digest milk properly, and you could suffer symptoms such as cramping, diarraea, painful gas, and nausea after having some sort of dairy. If one would was lactose intolerant, but wanted to have some sort of dairy product, they could take a lactase supplement. The lactase in the supplement will break down the lactose

The anaerobic threshold (AT), also called the “lactate threshold,” is the exertion level between aerobic and anaerobic training. The AT is the point during exercise where your body must switch from anaerobic to aerobic metabolism. Anaerobic exercise consists of weightlifting, sprinting, and jumping. Once an athlete reaches its anaerobic threshold, lactic acid builds up in the muscles faster than it can be cleared away resulting in muscle cramps. The AT is a useful measure for deciding exercise intensity for training and racing in endurance sports. On average untrained individuals have a low AT (approximately 55 % of VolumeO2max), and elite endurance athletes have a high AT (approx. 80 - 90% of VolumeO2max). lactate threshold.(1) Studies have been conducted on finding methods of improving anaerobic threshold. Lately High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has become a popular training modality in competitive athletes, recreationally-trained individuals, and clinical populations. HIIT consists of repeated bouts of short to moderate duration exercise

Lactose Intolerance: Lactase deficiency is the lack of the enzyme lactase, in the small intestine and lactase is needed to digest lactose, a sugar found in dairy products. If you are lactose intolerant, your body is unable to fully digest the sugar in most dairy products. For people who are lactose

The experience of lactose intolerance have occurred to a number of individuals for a lengthy number of centuries. Lactose intolerance can happen when one loses their ability to produce lactase, as they grow older, meaning that they struggle to consume milk. On the other hand, infants are capable to produce a great deal of lactase since they can drink from their mother’s milk. The term lactase is defined as an enzyme that is capable of breaking down the disaccharide sugar lactose into monosaccharides. Because of lactose intolerance, nature was able to naturally select humans who are affected by lactose. In reference to history, back around 7,500 years ago in Central Europe, the idea of using cow’s milk as a beverage, spread. Incidentally, this

An exclusively breastfeeding mother’s mammary glands produce a total of approximately 750 mL of milk per day. Synthesized from substances in the mother’s blood, breast milk contains all necessary nutrients for a baby’s healthy development. For example, human breast milk consists of a specific combination of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and vitamins. Additional milk components include minerals, electrolytes, and water. The nutrient concentrations fluctuate as lactogenesis progresses. Changes in milk composition and volume are controlled by multiple hormones, including cortisol, insulin, and prolactin. Along with composition, the volume of produced milk changes throughout lactogenesis. The

The results of the experiment vary from what is reported by previous studies (Curry, 2013, Enattah et al., 2002, & Tishkoff, 2007). The experiment was conducted on students currently in the Biology 225 course in Schenectady, NY. The class was primarily composed of individuals whom are descendants of Europe. Therefore, an assumption was made that by in large, the percentage of lactase persistent in the class that was expected was going to be near 95% (Curry, 2013). However, such a high percentage was not found. Of the class, only 49.3% of individuals were determined to possess a genotype that results in a phenotype of lactase persistence. Conversely, 40.8% of the class was found to carry the genotype lct/lct which results in the phenotype of lactase non-persistence. Therefore, the results are nearly 50% off from what we expected initially. This could be for numerous reasons, but perhaps the assumption should not have been made. The results fit much better when compared to the world average occurrence of lactase persistence. Curry notes that out of all individuals over the age of 8 years old, only 35% still possess the ability to digest and breakdown the lactose in dairy products (2013). The results do fit closer to the world average, therefore indicating that the assumption may have been wrong, the results of the experiment still do not necessarily indicate whether the total population of students in the Spring 2016 Biology 225 class fits the societal model where there is a

The small amount of Hcy normally found in the plasma is the result of a

Some confirmatory tests will measure lactase activity within the body and they are: lactose intolerance test, hydrogen breath test and stool acidity

In order to truly understand lactate we must understand ATP, the energy currency of the body. ATP drives a vast array or processes, from the operation of ion channels to the contractions of muscle, to our ability to think. Without the ATP we would not survive. In order to keep up with he demand of ATP our body has we like most living things have developed a way to utilise oxygen to extract energy via glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis is an ancient process, formed 3 billion years ago according to Bakker et al, is capable of generating 2 molecules of ATP

The lactic Acid system is not used much during a game of water polo. Lactic acid is produced when glycose is broken down and oxidized. Lactic Acid relies on glycose to produce ATP. Lactic acid causes build up within your muscles during intense training or running for long periods of time causing muscle fatigue. The mitochondria - often called the powerhouse of the cell - is where lactate is burned for energy. A limitation for the lactic Acid system is not eating the right

Lactase persistence has been strongly suggested to be a function of genetic causes and its inheritance occurs in an autosomal recessive manner. Individuals that exhibit the highest lactase activity are genotypically homozygous recessive for lactase persistence; where as individuals who show lower lactase activities are heterozygous or homozygous

Results show that exercise does induce a production of lactate in the Fundulus grandis. Results give that the rest mean is 0 .6169 with a standard deviation of 0.1879, exercise mean of 1.712 with a standard deviation of 0.5954, 60 minute rest mean of 1.019 with a standard deviation of 0 .3642 and a 180 minute rest mean of 0.7393 with a standard deviation of 0.1572. The blood lactate concentrations increased from rest to exercise showing that there is a significant difference. It is also shown through the rest versus exercise p value=1.46 E-7. The 60 minute rest mean is also higher than the rest mean, which says that even an hour after exercise, the lactate levels are still elevated above rest levels. However, once a certain amount of time of rest is given, the lactate levels begin to decrease. When comparing exercise versus 60 minute rest, there is a significant difference because the lactate levels after an hour of rest are noticeably different as given the p-value of 0.000499. After being given 3 hours of rest after exercise, the lactate has almost disappeared and is very close to the rest lactate levels. The p-value for rest versus 180 minute rest is 0.058192, which is not a significant difference. This can be visually better seen though a graph as the one shown below. The exercise and 60 min rest are noticeably higher than

The limitations that are necessary to be taken into consideration are the errors associated with the above research attaining methodologies. Using a lactose tolerance test the arbitrary cut-offs are difficult when taking into consideration borderline values. The impact of certain cut-offs would eliminate or include participant values that could impact on the big picture of the results. For breath hydrogen analysis and lactose tolerance test, another error is the likelihood of false positives and false negatives. Most commonly is found in studies is that breath hydrogen reveals the most accurate results (Mulcare, C. A., et al, 2004). The other errors come from the human participants themselves, which is why necessary eliminations are used