Lactose Intolerance

-Lactase deficiency is a deficiency in the enzyme that breaks down lactose. The causes of lactase deficiency include congenital defects, secondary lactase deficiency, and primary (acquired).

When lactose becomes available the genes encoding β-galactosidase and lactose permease are upregulated in E. coli.

If someone is lactose intolerant, that means that they are lacking the enzyme lactase, so the lactose does not get broken down into galactose and glucose. If lactose goes undigested it creates many problems. It causes dehydrations because water and electrolytes get pulled into the intestines by the lactose, which acts like an osmotic agent. The result of the increased amount of lactose would be diarrhea, bloating, and gassiness. Although being lactose intolerant seems to be abnormal, it is actually natural. The production of the enzyme, lactase, is a mutation of the LTC gene, it allows us to produce lactase as adults. In all other mammals lactase is produced during infancy but not during adulthood.

The species of bacteria used to make yogurt both have a β-galactosidase system which hydrolyzes lactose into glucose and galactose. Because lactose is a disaccharide, it can be transported into the cell via the permease system. As aforementioned, glucose then enters the EMP pathway to yield pyruvate.

SIBO is considered a malabsorption syndrome. The intestinal microbiota are crucial for the integrity and function of the GI tract. They help protect the body from pathogens, stimulate the immune system, and even help synthesize vitamins and nutrients (Gasbarrini, et al., 2007). In SIBO, there are bacteria in excess that interfere with metabolism and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and vitamins. Common symptoms of SIBO include diarrhea, steatorrhea, chronic abdominal pain, bloating, and flatulence (Uday, et al., 2017). Diarrhea is caused by metabolites of the bacteria that have enterotoxic effects, such as ammonia, peptidoglycans, D-lactate, and serum amyloid-A (Uday, et al., 2017). These toxins promote inflammation and damage

There are many varieties of abnormalities which can occur to cause problems. Not only does the small intestine have areas which are hindered, but the large intestine does too. This is where the two different types of suffering occur. This is the case in the variety of IBS which causes only constipation. The cause is different in those who suffer from diarrhea and have this disease.

As described by Bray et al. (2004), the digestive process for glucose and fructose are different and have different effects on the body. When disaccharides enter the intestine, the enzymes disaccharidases removes the glucose molecules so it can be absorbed immediately by a sodium glucose transporter. Once absorbed it is transported to the liver where it is either sent into blood circulation or converted into glycogen for storage. When glucose is in the blood circulation, it increases insulin release from the pancreas. The release of insulin, in turn, increases leptin release (Bray et al, 2004). Leptin is a hormone that is produced by adipocytes (fat cells) that regulate satiety by a negative feedback loop between adipose tissue and the hypothalamus. It basically lets the central nervous system (CNS) know the amount of energy stored in its cells so it can tell you whether you need food or not- aka if you are hungry (Bouchard and Katzmarzyk, 2010). So, since the presence of glucose raised insulin levels, which in turn raised leptin levels, adipose cells sent a signal to the hypothalamus that they are full of energy and do not require any more food intake. Now, on the other hand, when fructose enters the small

Celiac sprue disease is an autoimmune disorder in which the body’s immune cells attack its own intestinal villi in response to digested gluten from one’s diet, leading to the inability to sufficiently absorb nutrients and vitamins needed to maintain good health. Its symptoms include a wide span of gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, lactose intolerance, indigestion/bloating, and sudden weight loss; there are also several chronic symptoms such as fatigue, nosebleeds, and even seizures. There is not a cure for this disease. The best way to prevent it and allow your intestines to heal is to lead a life-long gluten-free diet. Additional vitamins and supplements may also be prescribed by doctors to ensure people with this

Lactose intolerance is a condition that many people have. It occurs when the small intestine is unable to break down sugars that are produced in milk and other dairy

Is it in the processing of the milk or something different? It only makes sense that it has to do with the human’s ability to process the milk. People who are lactose intolerant lack an enzyme called lactase that is found in the digestive system to breakdown lactose. Lactose is a sugar that is found in dairy products most notably milk. There are four types of lactose intolerance and they are Primary Lactase deficiency, secondary lactase deficiency, congenital lactase deficiency and familial lactase deficiency. Primary lactase deficiency is the most common and develops when a person is under 20 years old. Secondary lactase deficiency is when there is a problem with the small intestines and lactase production is very low. Congenital lactase deficiency is caused by a genetic mutation that produces little to no lactase and is inherited from the parents. Finally, familial lactase deficiency means the production of lactase is good but it is not enough to breakdown the lactase into glucose and transmit it into the bloodstream adequately and this is also inherited from parents. Based on this research I am convinced that a large population of the world cannot process milk because they have some form of lactose intolerence given the four possibilities previously stated. Milk still has all the nutrients, calcium and protein to help develop growing children and provide health benefits to humans. Lactose intolerance or the lack of the enzyme causes people to become sick from the consumption of milk and not necessarily milk itself.

Module four discussed lactose intolerance and dumping syndrome in great detail, then briefly explained other disorders of the GI tract and pancreases. Lactose intolerance occurs when the body can no longer efficiently digest lactose result in bloating, cramping, and sever diarrhea. Lactose is not directly absorbed by the body, so lactase has to break it down into glucose and galactose. The breakdown of lactose occurs in the last part of the small intestine, but if this does not occur then lactose will move to the colon causing an osmotic effect. The osmotic effect will causes water to diffuse into the colon through capillaries of the intestinal tissue. Colonic bacteria will start to metabolize lactose, and produce gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen gas.

Hereditary Fructose Intolerance (HFI) is a recessive disorder pertaining to those who lack the functional enzyme Aldolase B. It affects the kidneys, small intestine and the liver (Wong, 2005). Our bodies require the glycolytic enzyme Aldolase B to metabolize fructose-1-phosphate in the liver during digestion, and without this enzyme it is not possible to do. The consequences of eating honey, fruit and some vegetables that contain fructose result in the accumulation of fructose-1-phosphate, which then inhibits glycogen phosphorylase (Coffee, 2002). In patients who are diagnosed with HFI, the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase gets broken down into glucose-6-phosphate which is required to metabolize glycogen into glucose-6 phosphate. Therefore glucose cannot be released into the blood from the liver. The outcome results in the blood glucose levels drop leading to hypoglycemia.

Lactose Intolerance is a common deficiency. Over 40 million americans suffer from Lactose intolerance. It is the inability to digest sugars in milk and other dairy products. Lactase is an enzyme in the small intestine, low levels can effect the ability to digest daily products. For most people, symptoms can be harmless and easily managed. Symptoms can include nausea,abdominal cramps,bloating, diarrhea,and sometimes vomiting. These symptoms usually occur about 30 minute stop 2 hours after ingesting a milk product.

Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down lactose. Lactose is the sugar found in milk. It is made up of two monosaccharides: glucose and galactose. Therefore it is a disaccharide that needs to break down in order to be digested. However some people are “Lactose Intolerant” or lack lactase in their bodies. This means that they cannot consume lactose-contained food or drinks or they need help digesting it. People who are lactose intolerant must be very selective to make sure that they do not eat food or drinks with lactose. There are pills though, which are purchased by lactose intolerant people. This pill helps the people break down the sugar lactose into its smaller components.

In order to truly understand lactate we must understand ATP, the energy currency of the body. ATP drives a vast array or processes, from the operation of ion channels to the contractions of muscle, to our ability to think. Without the ATP we would not survive. In order to keep up with he demand of ATP our body has we like most living things have developed a way to utilise oxygen to extract energy via glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis is an ancient process, formed 3 billion years ago according to Bakker et al, is capable of generating 2 molecules of ATP