Lameinitis Research Paper

The benefits are not only felt by horse owners in short supply of money; recently in Europe, the supply of meat from traditional sources, such as cattle, sheep and pigs has dwindled due to epidemics in the herds, such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy  or "mad cow" disease, as well as hoof and mouth disease.

Horses are classified as hindgut fermenters, meaning a balance of good and bad bacteria aid in the digestion of foodstuff in the cecum and large intestine [5]. The hindgut is not only a fermentation vat, but it also stimulates the immune responses, protects against pathogens,

In this paper, I will be discussing the equine genetic disease Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP) or Impressive Syndrome. I will share the origins of HYPP through the genetic influence of an American Quarter Horse Stallion called Impressive. There will be coverage of the signs of HYPP and comparison to similar symptoms found in other ailments. I will explain the causes of HYPP attacks in regards to the abnormalities in afflicted horse’s potassium levels and voltage-gaited sodium channels. In closing, I will provide recommendations in management practices, prevention and possibilities for eliminating for HYPP from the equine industry.

Naylor J. May 1994. Equine hyperkalemic periodic paralysis: review and implications. Can Vet J. 35. 279-285.

One very big word can explain it all: Overpopulation. Eventually the overpopulation of these beasts would cause, and already has started to cause, an imbalance and irreversible damage in the ecosystems they roam in. Problems that would, and do, occur would be the fact that there would not be enough food or water for them as well as other herbivores, which, in turn, would cause omnivores and carnivores to lack a food source once their prey starts dying out due to starvation. Some species may even die out, plants and animals alike, if something is not done sooner rather than later. Poor grazing management would be included into the overpopulation category simply because the more horses there are the more grasses and other plants they would need to eat on a daily basis. Not all of the plant depletion was caused by the horses, however. They had a huge help from one particular species: Humans. Humans have long since conquered many areas in the world and have taken much of the land from the animals that occupy the area alongside them, even wiping out whole species within a short time period. Very little space is left for creatures, like the wild horses, to roam and graze because ranchers were allowing their cattle to graze in the same spots as the wild animals who then had to find other sources of food and ultimately caused the entire recourse to either be gone completely or very sparce. Now the horses

“A horse doesn’t care how much you know, until he knows how much you care.”, said Pat Parelli. “You took care of your horse, so your horse took care of you.”, Said Elton Gallegly. I feel horse care is very important to sustain a happy, and healthy horse. If not cared for correctly, they may become very sick. Anthrax, West Nile Virus, Rabies, or Lyme Disease, are only some of the diseases that can occur. If not cared for, they may affect you as well as your daily life. Anthrax is caused by bacteria in the food, water, or soil, that the horse is around. This disease may cause death to your horse. This is why it is very important to change your horses food and water daily, as well as mucking out the stall, if you have one. West Nile Virus is caused by a mosquito bite, or by a bird. This may cause weakness, trouble in walking, muscle spasms, or death. Rabies is caused by a bite from an infected animal, or contact with infected saliva, from something that was already infected. Rabies may cause depression, agitation, aggressiveness, and your horse may slowly develop paralysis, or death. Lyme Disease is caused by ticks, and can cause arthritis, lameness, neurologic disease, eye disease, dermatitis, or death. To prevent these diseases from happening, you must

People have been breeding horses to obtain a certain appearance for a long time. People have preferences in how tall their horse is, what its conformation is like, its muscling, and even its color. Horses have been bred to display solid coat colors as well as coats of mixed colors. Frame Overo is a very appealing coat color type that consists of two different colors marking the horse. Frame Overo is a color associated with paint horses that have white patches on their abdomens that do not extend to the midline of the back, where they are a darker color such as brown (Metallinos et al, 1998). As appealing as these coat colors are, breeding two frame Overo horses for their coloring comes with great risk. Less than twenty-five percent of offspring produced by these animals inherit a lethal genetic disease known as Lethal White Overo or Lethal White Foal Syndrome ("Frame Overo").

Twenty American Quarter Horse geldings, aged between four and eight years and weighing ideally 1,000 to 1,300 pounds, shall be used. All horses should ideally be non-athletes that were previously kept as pleasure riding horses. The horses will be completely evaluated clinically and ultrasonongraphically by veterinarians blinded to the study before the experiment to ensure that there are no preexisting health conditions to hinder healing, or any history or signs of previous injuries to the superficial digital flexor tendon. All horses will be placed in individual stalls and paddocks and adapted to their new daily routines for thirty days before the start of the experiment to allow acclimation. Any horses that obtain injury or disease during the course of the study will be removed from the study group to reduce confounding and returned to their provider.

think that it is very important aspect of horses that is important to emphasis when studying the

The elevated levels of cortisol that occur as a result of PPID are believed to contribute to the insensitivity of stimulation and the resistance of laminitis. When the cortisol is secreted by the pituitary gland it interferes with the lamellar perfusing, causing a vasoconstrictive response in the equine digital arteries to the catecholamines. Also a cortisol excess results in “ protein catabolism in the skin, connective tissue, bone and skeletal muscle, impaired wound healing, muscle atrophy derived data are pointing to the fact that inflammation leads a pivotal role in laminitis” (Johnson). Some experts also believe that stress can lead to a horse becoming laminitic because of the increased cortisol secretion that occurs due to stress. Since Laminitis is so incredibly painful for the horses and ponies affected it causes them to experience extreme stress, which in turn causes a dramatic spike in cortisol levels

Horses typically do not get cancer. When they do it is generally Lymphosarcoma and, unfortunately, it is usually lethal. Cancer generally strikes anywhere from 4-10 years of age. Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells that develop in to masses, or tumors. These tumors can hide anywhere on such a large animal. There are four typical types of lymphosarcoma in the horse. They are generalized (multi-centric), intestinal, mediastinal and cutaneous.

Every horse should receive one percent of its body weight in forage minimum to have a healthy diet. A horse that weighs 1000 pounds would receive ten pounds of forage. If a horse does not get the proper amount of roughage, health issues like ulcers can occur. Most show horses receive grain and other supplements as well. Flax seeds mixed in with grain are often recommended by many horsemen, because this supplement promotes a very healthy and shiny coat. Many also feed salt with their grain, to make sure the horse drinks enough water each day ("How Much Drinking Water Does Your Horse

Laminitis is also known as lactic acid acidosis and founder, it is an inflammation of the sensitive lamina of the hoof. Laminitis is caused by a variety of factors and is more so common in dairy cattle. Lamina is a sensitive tissue located between the claw bone and the hoof wall, which keeps the hoof wall attached to that bone. When that lamina that is within this capsule is disrupted or has a lack of blood flow it will become weak causing the coffin bone to slide around, rotate, and or sink inside the hoof. Laminitis can occur for many different reasons whether it is trauma, a metabolic disease, infection, or a dietary disturbance. Laminitis can be seen in three forms, acute, sub-acute, and chronic. Acute laminitis is short term, it can be

One cause of lameness is founder. Founder, otherwise known as laminitis, is the swelling of the laminae that attaches to the fleshy portion of the hooves. One cause of laminitis is too much pressure put on an

The case presented regards a young Arabian foal that exhibited lethargy and diarrhea for two weeks. Upon examination, it was noted that the animal had a fever, conjunctivitis, an elevated heart rate and trouble breathing. Hematological tests revealed that the horse suffered from leucopenia, severe lymphopenia and possessed no M immunoglobulins. From these findings, it was deduced that the foal suffered from severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). The diagnosis was confirmed by a molecular test that identified the mutation responsible for dysfunctional T and B cells, which causes SCID in Arabian horses. The patient died due to viral and bacterial pneumonia. Upon necropsy examination, its lung infection was evident, as was the hypoplasia of its spleen.