Language and Human Species

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IS LANGUAGE UNIQUE TO THE HUMAN SPECIES? by Ulla Hedeager INTRODUCTION The assertion that humans differ from animals in their use of language has been the subject of much discussion as scientists have investigated language use by non-human species. Researchers have taught apes, dolphins, and parrots various systems of human-like communication, and recently, the study of animal language and behaviour in its natural environment rather than in the laboratory has increased. It is my aim to discuss human language within an evolutionary perspective, to step across disciplinary boundaries of different fields of science, and to show how we may consider language only as one of the many forms that animal communication has taken and that it may not…show more content…
Other important complements are the studies of genetics, the discovery of the cell nucleus containing chromosomes and a genetic code revealing a common pattern that is shared by all organisms (Husen, Petersen, and Sonne-Hansen 1983:128), the studies of homologous anatomy, and the comparative studies of the molecular structure of living species.

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IS LANGUAGE UNIQUE TO THE HUMAN SPECIES? In Eric Lenneberg's view (Smith and Miller 1968:219-225) language has a biological foundation. He argues that the human organism matures according to a fixed maturational process, and that language develops in children during this period. The earliest sounds of a human infant are stimulus controlled (Fromkin and Rodman 1998:319-328). It has a mammalian larynx that can rise, enabling concurrent breathing and eating, and not until the age of three months are its speech organs ready for producing vowels (Pinker 1995:354). Around the age of six months the infant begins to experiment with sounds, and soon after it begins to babble in syllables and to imitate intonation patterns. One year old it produces one-word utterances and sentence-like gibberish, and around eighteen months the first two-word utterances occur (Pinker 1995:265-268). The first utterances longer than two words consist of open-class words carrying the main message. This telegraphic speech is supposed to represent the grammar at that particular stage of the childs language development.
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