Laurentia Bioregion

There is much preservation throughout this country. One that is most famous to New Jersey is the Pine Barrens. I don’t believe this bio diverse ecosystem should be developed on. This precious preservation should be saved. In these following paragraphs the author will discuss the animals involved, the plants, major parts, and the dangers facing it today.

Every forest has a story to tell. By looking closely at its habitants, that story can be interpreted. Much of this narrative is written in the trees: their age, their tolerance to shade, and the rate at which they grow are all characteristics that can imply a lot about their environment. Exploring these relationships and how they connect with each other can indicate the health and history of the land. Heiberg Forest, located in northern New York, was once used for agricultural purposes in the 1800-1900’s. (Nowak, Lecture Notes) Much of the land once used for farming was left to regrow back into a young forest. The life history of different tree species can be determined by examining the most common species in Heiberg.

The Europeans changed the land of the home of the Indians, which they renamed New England. In Changes in the Land, Cronon explains all the different aspects in how the Europeans changed the land. Changing by the culture and organization of the Indians lives, the land itself, including the region’s plants and animals. Cronon states, “The shift from Indian to European dominance in New England entailed important changes well known to historians in the ways these peoples organized their lives, but it also involved fundamental reorganizations less well known to historians in the region’s plant and animal communities,” (Cronon, xv). New England went through human development, environmental and ecological change from the Europeans.

In Changes in the Land, William Cronon points out the European colonists` pursuits of a capitalistic market and the impact it had on the New England ecosystem. Native Americans and colonists had different views on the use of land resources. The Natives viewed the land as something not owned, but as a resource to sustain life. They believe in a hunting-gathering system, hunting only when necessary. In the long run Native Americans lost their old traditions and were forced to adapt to the colonists` traditions in order to survive. This change contributed even more to the alteration of the ecosystem during the colonization period. In contrast, colonists viewed the

“People who will not sustain trees, will soon live in a world that cannot sustain people”(Bryce Nelson). Deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests in order to make the land available for other uses. Deforestation has overtime become a leading environmental problem in the U.S. It is estimated that at the beginning of the european settlement, in 1630, the area of forest was 423 million hectares. By 1907, the area had declined to 307 million, according to,”U.S forest facts and historical trends”. Deforestation is caused and will affect the human who call the U.S home. Issues with the environment such as global warming, the thinning of the ozone, and deforestation all contribute to critical problems in the U.S. deforestation highly

The first Europeans who saw the coast of pre-colonial New England thought of it as untapped virgin lands that had infinite resources. Cronon talks about how Henry Thoreau described the woods where Native Americans lived as “more open and parklike appearance to the first English settlers, without the underbrush and coppice growth so common in nineteenth-century Concord” (Cronon, pg 5). They didn’t realize that there were Native American inhabitants on the land as well. These Indians were already changing the environment by burning parts of forests to grow crops. The interaction of

Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England authored by William Cronon discusses the history of the ecological changes of colonial New England in consequence to the relationship of Native American and European Settlers and the land. Cronon exemplifies this by helping readers understand the effect of the change of dominance in New England from Native Americans to Europeans had on landscape and ecosystems.

Although the colonial history of New England has been thoroughly researched and taught across all levels of educational institutes across the United States, the study of its environmental history often takes a backseat to America’s complex and enthralling social and political history. This trend has been abating in recent decades, given that more Americans have taken an interest in their environment and conservation, and in response to this new demand the field of environmental history was initiated by historians like William Cronon, who explores the changes in the New England environment under the stewardship of Native Americans and European colonist in Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. Cronon’s work

In his book, Changes in the Land, William Cronon goes on to explain European expansion into North America soil, and the changes that occur not just to these Europeans, but the Native Americans inhabiting North America. Cronon focuses on an ecological standpoint, describing the altering animal and plant life as changed by the colonists of Europe. Cronon also goes into detail on the power shift from Native Americans having all of North America alone, to having little to none, decreasing by the second as European settlers expand more and more westward.

When the settlers arrived in New England, the environment that they first encountered amazed them. The old descriptions were based on the shoreline, although different stories agreed on the wonderful kind of plant and animal habitats in New England. It was not the usual thing for settlers to see the extensive untamed land, since the landscape in England was maintained for the large amount of landowners and the Crown. New England territory was covered by heavy forests. This was a feature that was also strange to the Europeans because they

Across the broad landscape of New England, countless Native communities were altered in some aspect by their European

The entire Long Island Pine Barrens is important as a complex of relatively undeveloped pine barrens forest and wetlands containing regionally rare wetland and upland communities and supporting the highest diversity of rare species in New York State. Focus areas of significance to fish and wildlife resources, unique plant communities, or regional biological diversity include: Peconic River and headwaters and associated coastal plain ponds including the Tarkill Ponds-Lake Panamoka complex; dwarf pine plains; Flanders Bay wetlands and coastal plain pond complex; and Cranberry

Comparison of the species and their importance values in the sampled communities of the opposing sides of Coal Road clearly showed a dominant species in the burned region while a more shared community in the unburned region. In the burned region, chestnut oak dominated the area with an importance value of 157.84 compared to the rest of the tree species ranging from 11 to 49. On the other hand, in the unburned side the species were similarly distributed with chestnut oak and scarlet oak having the largest importance values of 58.67 and 53.40 respectively. However, the other tree species followed rather closely; mockernut hickory had an importance value of 37.67, blackgum had an importance value of 35.34, and the rest of the species’ importance values ranged from 10 to 25. Species diversity is usually characterized by an absence of a dominant species. This implicates the unburned side of Coal Road has greater diversity than the burned side. This differs from our hypothesis, as we predicted the prescribed fire region would produce more species diversity while the unburned side would exhibit less species

The Aquatic biome is the most significant out of all of the five biomes. Water is essential and important for life here on Earth. It’s what we all need in order to survive. Water also supports life, and many different species live in it, or for some parts of their life. Since water covers one-thirds of the Earth, the temperature of the aquatic biome tends to be humid and slightly cool. It is fairly constant so it can be able to tolerate life. This region is filled with so many different species of animals some big and some even small. The Aquatic biome is broken into two regions freshwater and marine

There are many living creatures which damages the vegetation and they are fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes and parasitic flowers. Some of the plant disease brought about very serious influences of the society. A fungal sickness phytopthora overdue blight that purpose the iris potato famine, which made 2 million people both starved or left their land. The devastation of French wine enterprise by way of the fungal disorder powdery mold and downy mold till the prevention Bordeaux mixture found to govern the disorder the fungal disorder chestnut blight could be very dangerous and remains as a hassle in the United States. It infects and kills the elm trees.