Leadership Theories Of The 20th Century

Frederick Taylor (1917) developed scientific management theory (often called "Taylorism") at the beginning of this century. His theory had four basic principles: 1) find the one "best way" to perform each task, 2) carefully match each worker to each task, 3) closely supervise workers, and use reward and punishment as motivators, and 4) the task of management is planning and control.

Leadership is complex and, comprises of many definitions and qualities (Grimm 2010). One definition of leadership is ‘a multifaceted process of identifying a goal, motivating other people to act, and providing support and motivation to achieve mutually negotiated goals’ (porter-O’Grady 2003). Back in 1939 Kurt Lewin researched to identify different styles of leadership. According to his research, there are three major styles of leadership. Authoritarian or autocratic, participative or democratic and delegative or laizzes-fair. These three styles remain influential today. According to educational leaders.govt.NZ, leadership is about empowering, transforming and working together to meet schools and 21st century (www.tki).There are many leadership theories and from leadership theories comes leadership styles. the educational leadership model according to www.educational leaders.govt.nz identifies four qualities that build a leader 's capability to enhance teaching and learning outcomes for the school: manaakitangi- leading with moral purpose, pono- having self-belief, ako- being a learner, awhinatanga -guiding and supporting.

Leadership is, and always has been, a vital aspect of social and economic constructs. It is essential to the survival of societies, industries, organizations, and virtually any group of individuals that come together for a common purpose. However, leadership is difficult to define in a single, definitive sense. As such, theories of leadership, what constitutes a great leader, and how leaders are made have evolved constantly throughout history, and still continue to change today in hopes of improving upon our understanding of leadership, its importance, and how it can be most effective in modern organizational cultures.

The leadership models/theories that will be demonstrated are skills-based leadership, situational leadership, and leader-member exchange theory.

Scientific Management is also known as Taylorism. Fredrick Winslow Taylor wanted to divide the work process into small, simple and separate steps (Division of Labor). Division of Labor meant every worker only had one or two steps, this was created to boost productivity. Taylor also believed in Hierarchy, he wanted a clear chain of command that separated the managers from workers. He did this so managers would design work process and enforced how the work was performed and employees would simply follow directions. Taylor wanted to select and train high performing workers or first-class employees and match them to a job that best suited them. Taylor believed the most productive workers should be paid more. Employees who could not meet the new higher standard were fired.

Though the theories of leadership glorify factors, such as personal significance, timing, special skills, responsiveness, or power, as the qualities of a leader, I believe that neither of those factors are as essential as being personable. I believe being personable is the greatest determinant since a leadership position requires public speaking, either in the form of one-to-one conversations or to an audience. I believe that a leader should create an impression that will motivate and inspire others. Therefore, they should be able to create an impressive and enduring impression. Leaders should speak to others in a way that is respectful, friendly, and relatable. If they are unable to do so, then no matter how powerful or significant the individual, not a single person will follow, admire, or respect them.

I found it scary to think and yet very true when Gandolfi and Stone (2016) discussed in a rather recent article that leadership is so crucial that not only can organization or communities suffer from poor leadership but also even our society as a whole can experience a huge negative impact. The importance of leadership in an organizational setting is to motivate individuals to complete a common goal. There are several leadership styles and it is a good idea that we view various models in order for leaders to get a better understanding how to involve those working alongside other colleagues thus allowing everyone to move forward together and accomplish set goals for an institution (Volckmann, 2012). A few examples include, Behavioral Approach, Path-Goal, and, Situational and thinking

In my twenty or so years of employment, I worked under several types of leaders. Some were effective while others were ineffective. This course gives plenty of examples and descriptions of both effective and ineffective leadership styles. I understand the significance of pairing effective leadership with appropriate followers. Assessing each party’s traits prior to putting them together, which aids in decreasing tension. In this paper, I am discussing my experiences with bosses and leaders in different aspects of life.

There are many theories that explain leadership. Chapter 10 presents each of the leading theories. Each student will choose one of the theories he/she agrees with, one theory that he/she disagrees with, and one theory he/she finds interesting (pick three different theories). Each student will write a short paragraph for each of the above choices (agree, disagree, interesting). Each student will post his/her three paragraphs as one (1) response to the discussion board entitled “Leadership”.

During the 19th and early 20th century many people had this idea of what the ideal great man of a leader would posse specific traits. In today’s time it simply does not matter who you are, where you come from, how smart you appear, or your height, or even your weight. What does matter are the traits of what a great leader possess. The physical of one self does not matter, nor does intelligent. What does matter is what does a great leader desires for those around them. To inspire them, to motivate them, to push them beyond what they can do. Those types of traits people look for in a great leader, no matter tall, short, or man, woman (Shelly and Locke 199).

The multicultural concept and path goal approach are two leadership approaches that are vital for the field of social work. In America, the country is made up of different races and ethnicities and is viewed as the most diverse country in the world. If social workers in this country used an ethnocentrism approach, then we would be a country divided instead of united, and only assist individuals who provide the opportunity for personal gain (Potocky, M. 1997). For example, if I only choose to assist African American women, then my goal to help them has more to do with their similarities to me, instead of being focused on the client, holistically. In Social work, no one gets

These leadership theories are grouped in trait theories, behavioral theories, contingency theories, and power and influence theories. Trait theories focus on the traits and skills that successful leaders must have. Initially, these theories state that these skills are innate, but research shows that individuals can also develop such skills and become leaders. Behavioral theories focus on other issues, like the behavior of leaders within their teams, in relationship with stakeholders, and within society. In accordance with these theories, these are several leadership styles, like autocratic or authoritarian, democratic, participative, laissez faire, and other styles. These theories state that the behavior of leaders significantly influences their and their teams' performance.

A CEO position includes a variety of roles and high level of responsibility. This will require them to have well-rounded set of personality traits to be able to manage all aspects of their job. Unlike a middle-tier manager that oversees employees, a CEO is the most senior member of organization. Ideally, the CEO will follow the behavioral theory of leadership identified by the University of Michigan as employee oriented, placing a value on building an atmosphere of interpersonal relationships and employee satisfaction (Robbins & Coulter, 2012, p. 462). Leadership trait theories identify seven characteristics; six are desirable in the CEO, but prioritized as followed: Self-confidence, Intelligence, job-relevant knowledge, drive and desire

The term “leadership” has been inflated for many years by countless scholars from various disciplines such as sociology or philosophy, psychology or business. Extensive research has been done revealing new and innovative theories explaining the sensation of “leadership”. As with any new theory or science solving the task to identify or justify ones, opinion takes on a life of its own. This taxonomy is intended to provide an overview of four leadership theories beginning with the earliest, mentioning influential authors of the particular theory.

A large amount of credit is given to Bass 's transformational leadership theory identifies four aspects of