Learning Theories : A Comparison Of Behavioral And Cognitive Views

Psychology could not convince people of its usefulness and practical problem and the founder of behaviorism John Watson believed that both structuralism and functionalism were subjective and introduced behaviorism as objective. (Moore ,2011) which was considered to be a transformation from one phase of science to another . (Gardner ,1985)

In Behaviorism, learning is a change in observable behavior. The environment causes behavior and there is a one-way correlation between the interactions among behavior, environment, and personal factors (Walsh, 2016). In Cognitivism, learning is related with distinct changes among states of knowledge rather than with changes in the odds of response. It focuses more on the notion of the learning process and the information is accepted, organized, saved, and restored by the brain. In the Social

Many ideas were shared between Watson, Tolman, and Skinner who all played a role in the forming of behaviorism. They did, however, differ on some of their beliefs as well as their methods of study. At this time, methods of studying psychology as well as psychology in general were in the developing stages. Watson was largely credited with the foundation of behaviorism, however, he was by no means the only one to make contributions. There has been some debate as to whether Watson’s contributions were enough to make him the “founder of behaviorism.” It is important to examine contributions from several of the early

One Psychologist who contributed a huge proportion to behaviorism is John B. Watson, it was at the Psychological school of Behaviorism he established it. John B. Watson was born in South Carolina in 1878, later in his life his father became absent from his life leading to wrongdoing that John Watson would never be at easy with. Eventually John Watson went to the University of Chicago to study Psychology where he found his interest in behaviorism. During this time, he was studying behaviorism became huge part of psychology in the United States in the 1920’s and 1930’s. A new philosophy that John Watson published was, “The Behaviorist Manifesto” which is about a psychological view of behaviorist. The major goal of John Watson’s manifesto was to predict and show the controls of behavior, which led to him conducting experiments and research projects on animal behavior, child rearing and advertising.

THe Behavioral perspective believes that our behavior is the result of the environment we are in. Behaviorists believe that psychologists should rely on the stimuli in the environment and our response to the stimuli. There perspective was that our behaviors are the result of our upbringing and environment. The behavioral perspective works on the molecular level to understand an individual 's behavior. They developed research generated evidence. John Watson was the founder of American behaviorism. Watson advocated that psychology is a science and it should be limited to observable, measurable behaviors. Watson studied babies and how they learned everything from their environment. He advocated that nurture was stronger than nature. Watson was famous for his experiment with Baby Albert and a white rat. Baby Albert did not fear the white at at first but began to fear it once it was associated with a loud sound. Watson proved through his experiments that parents should take

There are no simple answers to saying that one learning theory is more effective than another. This is because neither the behavioral learning theory nor the cognitive learning theory is easy to pinpoint the magnitude of their implications without knowing the research behind the two theories. The historical development and key concepts of how each was developed and how the psychologists that promoted each theory will give insight about each one of the learning theories. There has been a debate throughout the years as to which theory is best when implementing any kind of instruction. The paper will show the behavioral learning theory and the cognitive learning theory in different contexts and how they affect different situations. There will also be a look at the role the Bible plays in learning behavior and how a biblical worldview can affect learners.

Learning is a complex process that influences the knowledge and behaviours that humans do, or do not develop to adapt to a variety of situations (Ormrod, 2016). However, for people with disability, this learning process can often be hindered by the lack of abilities, or external and internal stimuli such as prejudice and self-efficacy respectively (Conyers, Enright, & Strauser, 1998). The following essay will discuss two learning theories, behaviourism and social cognitive theory (SCT), in relation to disability practices. Behaviourism explains learning through stimulus-response associations, with the two main theories being classical conditioning and operant conditioning (Ormrod, 2016). For professionals in disability,

The cognitive theory is also one of the theories in learning. It focuses on the mental process of the learner, to explain behavior. Nooteboom, (2009) analyses mental perceptions like learning, memory language use, thinking, creativity, and problem solving. Nooteboom also explains how these factors affect learning. He adds that effective learning will only take place if the learner is attentive. He analyses the memory status of a learner. This is very important to the teacher for he or she will be able to evaluate his or her class, and identify the status of the class in order to help those students with a lower memory catch up with those with higher memories and

Lecture 2: Behavioral & Social Cognitive Views of Learning Lecture Highlights:      Definitions of Behavioral Learning Theory Classical Conditioning – Pavlov Operant Conditioning - Skinner Trial-and-error Learning / The Law of Effect - Thorndike Social Learning Theory - Bandura

“Why don’t we make what can be observed the real field of psychology” (Watson, 1929). Watson (1878-1958) was born into a poor family in South Carolina. His mother was a religious woman, and his father drank a lot and had multiple affairs (Watson, 1999). Watson himself married twice, having two children in each marriage. He didn’t seem to have good relationships with his children – it is said that one of the main reasons for this may be because he used his children throughout his research. He studied in the University of Chicago where he later became known as the founder of Behaviourism. He wrote an essay in 1914 titled “Psychology as the Behaviourist views it” where he stated that behaviourism is an objective experimental branch of natural science (Watson, 1914). Behaviourism is a theory of learning that argues that all behaviours are acquired through conditioning (Carver & Scheier, 2012). Behaviourists believe

   First began by John B. Watson, behaviorism is one of the most widely studied theories today. B.F. Skinner and His Influence in Psychology B.F. Skinner was one of the most famous of the American psychologists. He was

Behaviorist theory is the basis for inventions such as computer assisted instruction, mastery learning, minimal competency testing, educational accountability, situated cognition, and even social constructivism. Behaviorism is primarily based on the fact that there is a predictable and reliable link between a stimulus and the response it produces. If behavior is foreseeable, creators need to identify subskills, students must master that lead to a learned behavior, and then select stimuli and performance strategies that build the subskills. Creators assume that an instructional strategy that has had a certain effect in the past will do so again while cognitive theory on how people learn include cognitive, social psychological, and interactionist or experimental school of thoughts. The diversity is often put into two groups: the individual cognitive and the sociocultural. The individual cognitive group, initiated from Piaget 's theory, highlights the constructivist activity of individuals as they try to make sense of the world. The sociocultural group highlights the socially and culturally situated context of cognition as expressed by Vygotsky. Thoughts in cognitive psychology became significant when the metaphor of the central processing unit of the computer could be used to describe the functioning of the brain. Unlike behavioral psychology, cognitive psychology is worried with meaning or semantics. According to Wittrock 's generative learning perspective, people learn

The term behaviorism referred to the school of psychology founded by John B. Watson based on the proposition that all things which organisms do — including acting, thinking and feeling—can and should be regarded as behaviors (Staddon, 2001) . And this behavior could be researched scientifically . According to Pavlov, "Respondent Conditioning” resulted from the association of two stimuli, such as causing dogs to salivate at the sound a tuning fork. Consequently, Skinner developed “Operant Conditioning” where the “Stimulus-Response” association was elicited through selective reinforcement (rewards or punishments) to shape behavior. In this regard, behaviorism assumed that a learner was a passive recipient and responding to environmental stimuli. When applying the tenets of Behaviorism to teaching, Skinner asserted that the learner started off as a blank slate, and then his behavior was shaped via positive or negative reinforcement. Behaviorist

The origin of the cognitive learning theory was incepted by Jean Piaget (1896-1980). The works and hypothesis proposed by Piaget had great theoretical influence on the development of cognitive learning theory and delivered primarily theoretical impulses. In addition, Albert Bandura developed a socio-cognitive learning theory and behavioral traits (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). This was a modified version of the cognitive learning theory; moreover, according to diverse studies, this theory was termed as application of cognitive learning theory in the societal

cognitive aspects current theorists assert are intrinsic to the learning process (Martinez, 2010; Schunk, 2012). Behaviorism is the attempt to understand humans through observations of their actions rather than on a cognitive level and considers the learning process as a superficial construction between stimuli and responses (Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 2000; Schunk, 2012). The advent of cognitive sciences in the 1950s changed how learning was theorized and began to examine the importance of the social and cultural contexts of the learning process (Bransford et al, 2000).