Lee Smolin's The Singular Universe

Lastly, his fourth argument assumes that things can be created by matter therefore if other things say otherwise it would be disregarded (Paley,

The secular model to describe the way the universe is created and built is called the Big Bang.

The Big Bang is a very popular theory among both Christians and non-Christians. However, it is not totally unquestionable, if it were there would be no more arguments concerning the creation of the world. The main question asked about the Big Bang is “Who, or what triggered it?”

Just under seven years ago, astronomers using the Hubble space telescope presented results they hoped would help answer one of the most contentious issues in astronomy of the 20th century – the question of the distance scale of the universe. But there was some unease when the result was announced. According to the report, other galaxies were close enough that, extrapolating backwards from their current rate of recession and making adjustments for the influence of gravity, they all would have been together (that is, the Big Bang would have occurred) as recently as 8 billion years ago. Unfortunately, there was strong evidence already in place that some stars were at least 12-15

The fine-tuning argument by Collins highlights a universe which has been perfectly created for suitable life and that the smallest miscalculation would have been unbearable to sustain life. According to the first premise, the reality of the fine-tuning is not improbable under theism, while premise two states, the fine-tuning is very improbable under the atheistic single-universe hypothesis. The conclusion is that fine-tuning data support robust evidence to support the design hypothesis over the atheistic singe-universe hypothesis. As already noted, most critics would reject the fine tuning-argument by making a compelling argument that there are likely many other big bang that we are probably unaware of and that it is highly probable the universe

Beilby, James. Thinking about Christian apologetics: what is is and why we do it. Downers Gove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2011.

This paper looks at the Big Bang Theory. It examines the history of the theory and the scientific ideas on which it is based. It also examines some of the evidence proving the Big Bang and addresses some of the more common arguments against it.

As we begin to go on an excursion through literature, it is important to understand the concept of what an ethnography is. Ethnography is known to be a descriptive type of work that analyzes culture and customs of individual people. James Clifford has implemented this work into his studies and has influenced many others to do the same. I saw through the books I have read, ethnography makes these books become vivacious for a reader.

Also, because God is infinite in power and wisdom, there is no doubt He could have created the universe and its contents in no time at all, or six seconds, or six minutes, or six hours-- because in Luke 1:37, it says “For with God nothing shall be impossible.”

Swinburne states that to describe God as timeless is incoherent because God is in the temporal array. Timelessness is the property that the possessor of, is not in the temporal array . Swinburne states that God is omnitemporal as God-0 exists at every aspect on the temporal array. Swinburne suggests one should think of God prior to creation as existing just by himself, as there are no laws of nature to create a metric from . Therefore, there is no cosmic clock ticking away as instants in time move from being the present and causally effectible, and into past which is not causally effectible. God changing in mental states does not cause a metric to be introduced, it causes a temporal order as there is succession of events, but they are not established enough to provide a metric from. A metric can be created because of the introduction of laws of nature implicit through creation. Therefore, there will be no difference between a divine act of self-awareness that lasts a thousand years, or a second. This unmetricated time allows for there to be no fact of the matter difference, between t-1, t, and t+1 as there is no qualitative difference so it is incoherent to ask “why not sooner than t?”. As a result all intervals along the temporal array at this stage have no objective fact of the moment that they are any longer or shorter than any other distinct interval

There are many topics that science and religion have opposing views on and continue to debate. One of these subjects that has received a great deal of attention and has placed an enormous wedge between the two realms is the varying opinions concerning the creation of the universe. For nearly a century, scientists have explained this phenomenon with the Big Bang theory, whereas spiritual thinkers have long placed their faith in the Genesis creation account. Both submit valid arguments, however, it is ultimately up to each individual to decide which testimony to accept as truth and to consider if it is possible that both opinions could co-exist.

In Creation Science is not Science, Michael Ruse argues that Creation science is not science and in Science at the Bar- Causes for Concern, Larry Laudan opposes this view by arguing that Creation Science is science, but that it is false. In this paper, I argue that Michael Ruse had the better argument and that Creation Science is not science. First, I explain Ruse’s argument for why creation science does not meet the criteria for science. Second, I consider and explain Larry Laudan’s opposing view that creation science is false science. I then argue why I believe Ruse has the better argument.

“Why Science Does Not Disprove God" by Amir D. Aczel appeared in the April 27, 2014, issue of Time magazine. In this article, Aczel asserts that science shows that the universe is so precisely tailor-made for the emergence of life science. According to Aczel “All of the masses, charges and forces of interaction in the universe had to be in just the precisely needed amounts so that early light atoms could form” (paragraph 6). Aczel also writes “the purely hypothetical multiverse does not solve the problem of God” (paragraph 8). Finally, he states “that the probability of the emergence of a life-giving cosmos was 1 divided by 10, raised to the power 10, and again raised to the power of 123” (paragraph 7). There are a multitude of

The word of God brought everything into being: heaven, earth, mountains, rivers, and every living thing. In the beginning, God called into existence the heaven and earth. Within six days and he shaped a world of order and beauty.

Some Christians firmly believe that the universe has arisen completely through a miraculous act of God and completely reject scientific theories. This is called ‘creationism’. Another attack on scientific arguments is the ‘First Cause’ theory introduced by Thomas Aquinas. Aquinas once quoted that “the universe couldn’t have simply sprung from nothing”; therefore, one is forced to reach the conclusion that it is caused to exist by something. The ‘big bang’ is not accepted, as this is not answering what caused this to happen. After a series of questioning, most reach the conclusion of God.