Left Ventricular Mass Essay

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome is a very serious birth defect. Studies say, “each year approximately… 640 to 1440 infants in the United States are born with HLHS” (Paediatr Child Health,2). Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, also known as HLHS, is a birth defect where the left ventricle of the heart is either underdeveloped or absent. Today, there are heart surgeries that can help children born with HLHS survive longer and sometimes even live long, happy lives. Though, not all children survive HLHS. Many infants die whilst waiting for a donor heart.

Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction (LVSD, but commonly referred to as heart failure) is a chronic, progressive cardiac syndrome in which a damaged heart fails to beat efficiently and deliver enough blood to meet the body's needs. Although coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common cause, for example, myocardial infarction, and many of the conditions are intertwined, there are several other causes of heart failure including cardiomyopathies, hypertension and valve disease.

As cardiomyopathy progresses, the heart becomes weaker and is less able to pump blood normally. This results in heart failure. There are different types of cardiomyopathy- hypertrophic, dilated, and restrictive. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy occurs when the heart muscle cells enlarge which causes the thickening of the left ventricular wall. Although the ventricle size stays normal, the thickening makes it harder for the heart to pump blood. In some cases, the septum also thickens and expands to the left ventricle which causes a blockage of blood flow out of the left ventricle. The cause of the disease is unknown but hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is usually caused by changes in the genes in heart muscle proteins. It can also develop due to

Lastly, blood pressure is associated with ones diet and lifestyle. It is amazing when one’s diet consist of a high intake of salt they will shows signs of hypertension. Studies have shown that people who did not use salt shown no signs of hypertension. Monitoring the intake of salt will improve blood pressure readings drastically although; it is not the only contributor to high blood pressure. Increasing activity levels has also been known the lower blood pressure readings.

Baroreceptors activate the sympathetic nervous system, with an increase in heart rate and blood pressure and vasoconstriction, causing beta receptor downregulation, and further increased adrenergic tone with pathological activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (Johnson, 2014). Angiotensin II releases catecholamine and stimulates renin release, which raises tone and pressure on the heart, and leads to aldosterone secretion, also increasing the pressure load on the heart; water and sodium retention through the presence of vasopressin and aldosterone add to preload (Johnson, 2014). This model is used to explain the compensatory mechanisms employed to maintain cardiac reserve, the ability of the heart to respond to increased needs; additional neurohormonal changes involve natriuretic peptides, atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide and endothelin 1 (Johnson, 2014; Porth,

American Heart Association quotes that Hypertension is an important public-health challenge worldwide. Importance should be focused on its detection, treatment control and prevention. The infectious diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis which once were the reasons for leading the causes of deaths have been replaced by non –infectious diseases which are mostly the NCD’s such as diabetes, heart diseases, and other vascular conditions. Hypertension is an important worldwide public-health challenge because of its high frequency and concomitant risks of cardiovascular and kidney disease [78][79]. Heart attacks and strokes are major–but preventable–killers worldwide. More than 80% of cardiovascular disease related deaths take place in low-and

Other forms of secondary restrictive cardiomyopathy include scleroderma, Friedreich’s Ataxia, hemochromatosis, glycogen storage disease and sarcoidosis. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy used to treat cancer can also cause restrictive cardiomyopathy. Sarcoidosis is caused by the infiltration of granulomas in the heart and other tissues of the body. Lungs and lymph nodes are the main organs targeted by this disease, but no organ is spared as it also affects the central nervous system and skin. In the USA, the occurrence in the white population is estimated to be 11 per 100,000. It affects people between the ages of 20 to 30 years and occurs more in women than in men (Dubrey, Bell, Mittal, 2007). Hemochromatosis is caused by the buildup of iron in the heart tissue which can then lead to heart arrhythmias. Scleroderma is a disorder of the connective tissue that leads to fibrosis of the skin, heart and lungs. Glycogen storage disease, also named Pompe’s affects infants. It causes increased storage of glycogen and fat tissue in the body. This causes the heart then to become very heavy and thick. Infants tend to struggle to breath, have trouble feeding and fail to meet developmental steps on time like rolling over and sitting up.

Heart growth can also be regulated by the pathological response to volume or pressure overload in a disease setting (1,3).

The seriousness of hypertension arises from its impact on a number of organs (target organs). The complications that can develop at their level explain the increased morbidity and mortality associated with hypertension. The heart is one of the main target organs, and one of the first consequences of elevated blood pressure (PA) is left ventricular

The term “ventricular remodelling” includes a complex of anatomic, functional, cellular, and molecular changes in the myocardium in response to the injury Markers of cardiac remodelling are hemodynamic and echocardiographic changes which correlate with cardiac impairment (Cohn et al., 2000; Kubanek et al., 2013). In HF animal models, the process of left ventricular (LV) remodelling begins rapidly, and continues to progress; LV are a greater cardiac chamber dilation, a greater increase in systolic and diastolic volume index and a progressive decline in the ejection fraction (EF) (Eaton et al., 1981; Korup et al., 1997; Cohn et al., 2000; Kubanek et al., 2013).

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy also called as Stress-induced transient cardiomyopathy, apical ballooning syndrome, and broken heart syndrome was first reported in 1991 [1 in Japan, and accounts for 1.2% of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) that present with elevated cardiac biomarkers [1,2,3. The condition is often associated with acute medical illnesses, catastrophic life events, and intense physical or emotional stress [2, 3. Although the pathogenesis of stress-induced cardiomyopathy is not fully understood, the hypothesis includes catecholamine excess [16, coronary vasospasm, micro vascular dysfunction and dynamic mid cavity or left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Postmenopausal women appear to be at a higher risk for developing the disease as about 80% of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy occurs in postmenopausal women [3].

This study demonstrates that the fetal left ventricle destined to function in a univentricular circulation has similar patterns of deformation to those of a normal fetal left ventricle. The fetal SLV demonstrates Doppler changes that suggest enhanced early diastolic relaxation in addition to a greater reliance on atrial contraction for diastolic filling.

We can address this problem in the patient population using the medical model by searching for mechanisms at a cellular level that explain why high salt intake contributes to high blood pressure and its complications. Through laboratory tests, we can try to understand how different biological systems of the body interact when high salt intake is a problem. Understanding the issue through cells and the body can help us solve it. We can address this problem in the patient population using the population health model by looking at causes less geared toward biology such as the five important domains: the social and economic environment, the physical environment, genetics, medical care, and health-related behaviors. Perhaps there is a pattern

The hypothesis is to determine the Relationship between Body Weight and Blood Pressure. High blood pressure has been noted as one of the leading non-infectious diseases around the world. According to Abdulle A. and his research colleges, in their research they stated that high blood pressure contributes to an important and prevalent risk factor to cardiovascular disease. The research finding of Abdulle A. et al. quoted that “it appears from our study that one of the causes of this problem is the high level of obesity known to elevate the risk for cardiovascular diseases.” Harsh D. and Bray G. brought the attention of the Framingham Study showing that the participants of both sexes demonstrated increasing blood pressures with increased overweight.

The two major types of hypertension are primary and secondary. Primary hypertension accounts for more than 90% of all cases and has no known cause, although it is hypothesized that genetic factors, hormonal changes, and the altercations in sympathetic tone all may play a role in its development. Secondary hypertension develops as a consequence of an underlying disease or condition. The prevention and treatment of hypertension is a major public health issue. When blood pressure is controlled, cardiovascular, renal disease, and stroke may be prevented. The JCN, reported more than 122 million individuals in American are overweight or obese, consume large amounts of dietary sodium and alcohol, and do not eat adequate amounts of fruits and vegetables; less than 20% exercise regularly. Both modifiable and non-modifiable factors play a role in the development of hypertension