Leishmania Case Study

By using DNA sequencing software and using comparative DNA alignment programs, scientists can piece together where the differences and similarities align and the percentage of identical DNA between two species. Another method of classifying these gene-swapping organisms is to alter the method of vertical genomics and shift to a new form of lateral genomics (Koonin et al. 2001). A method using vertical, linear genomics alone will not provide enough resources to clearly assign an organism to a taxonomic group. Also, scientists can look at gene loss over time as a method to group these organisms (Koonin et al. 2001). If scientists would rather stick with similarities to define a taxonomic group, the use of genomic instruments can provide a better picture of which genes are highly conserved between organisms of the same group (Doolittle 1999). Researchers have begun to employ this method as the means for best completing a phylogenetic tree. Using alignments of single copy genes conserved in the genome allows for scientists to achieve that vertical pattern of phylogeny that can be lost when focusing on the amount of transferred genes between groups (Lang et al. 2013).

The Bayesian inference analysis of the COI barcode sequences included 45 L. sericata sequences and 42 L. cuprina sequences. Despite the number of sequences, L. sericata was poorly resolved, which explains the poor node support (0.61) of the L. sericata + L. cuprina + L. taiyuanensis clade. Lucilia taiyuanensis is represented by only one sequence

The scientific process that we used was first defining the problem in order to move on to the next step. Meaning what is Wolbachia? We had to identify our insect using a key used to find the order of the insects in Savannah. We eventually learned how to determine the concentration of DNA and protein in a aqueous solution. Using our solution we did DNA extraction and quantification using our solution from our previous steps. We used elution, salt, lysis and wash buffer along with EtOH and proteinase K. After completing DNA extraction and quantification we did our PCR samples were we used a positive and negative control, no template control and our samples. Lastly we did our gel electrophoresis where we found whether our insect was positive or negative for

In the Old world the predominant sand fly vectors of Leishmaniases include P. papatasi, P. duboscqi (Mukhopadhyay et al., 2000), P. longiductus and P. smirnovi (Maroli et al., 2001), P. sergenti (Coleman et al., 2006), P. salehi (Azizi et al., 2012). In Pakistan two species are important i.e. P. papatasi and P. sergenti (Lewis,

Also, human population movement from higher transmission areas jeopardizes reintroduction and resurgence in malaria-free regions, and in addition has undermined elimination works in the past. For that reason, it is important to understand the patterns of parasite dispersal in order to target control by pinpointing regions where the imported infections originate from and where they play a part in transmission.

The researchers used shot-gun sequencing which is a technique that uses smaller fragments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences that are reassembled into one sequence by looking for regions of overlap. All of the 3.6M reads, were first trimmed for 99% accuracy for all known organisms then characterized with Sequence-based

The study of disease transmission & danger figures :. Destitution and hunger assume a major part in the expanded powerlessness to leishmaniasis. Extracting timber, mining, building dams, extending regions under cultivation, making new watering system schemes, stretching way development in grade forests for example, those Amazon, proceeding broad relocation from provincial on urban areas, Furthermore proceeding quick urbanization overall are "around those essential drivers for expanded presentation of the sandfly. (See those accompanying pictures. ). Conveyance guide about cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Trypanosoma brucei is a member of the Trypanosomatidae family, is protozoan of order Kinetoplastida. They cause African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness as it is most commonly known, a parasitic disease it causes an infection in the brain and the meninges (Stanghellini & Josenando 2001). Trypanosoma brucei have 3 different sub species, these being T. brucei gambiense which causes chronic trypanosomiasis which has a slow onset in humans, T. brucei rhodesiense which causes acute trypanosomiasis with a fast onset. With the last sub species being T. brucei brucei which causes animal African Trypanosomiasis. It is a neglected tropical disease and is found primarily in the continent of Africa with up to 60 million people affected in 35 African countries. Failure to treat this is fatal (Ekwanzala et al. 1996), however there are currently four drugs on the market for the treatment, these being pentamidine, melarsoprol, eflornithine and suramin (Wéry 1994).

Morphologically indistinguishable from the West African species as well as the animal infecting species Trypanosoma burcei brucei, Trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense was first uncovered in Zambia by J.W.W. Stephens and H.B. Fantham in 1910 .

3 separate groups of mosquitos which carried the parasite which caused malaria. One of the groups was sprayed with the fungus, another group sprayed with the wild type fungus and the last group weren’t altered.

African Trypanosomiasis is also known as sleeping sickness. It is important to understand that African Trypanosomiasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease with a geographical distribution limited to the African continent where the disease is predominant. The parasites concerned are protozoa belonging to the genus Trypanosoma (WHO, 2008). The disease is transmitted by the bite of a tsetse fly, which has acquired their infection from human beings or from “animals harboring the human pathogenic parasites” (WHO, 2008).

Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) consists of a number of infectious diseases including schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis and cysticercosis. Unlike Malaria, these diseases tend to have low mortality, which partially explains why they have been neglected. These diseases are mostly chronic in nature. Although they seldom cause death, these disease manifest themselves in the form of bodily problems such as blindness, disfigurement and malnutrition.

Malaria is one of the diseases that has caused deaths to many people, more so those living in prone localities. As a result, there is the need for weighty research to be done about Malaria so that better control methods can be mitigated. Even though some works have been done in the study of malaria that has informed the current treatment methods, there is still need for more analysis to help in the regular updates. Therefore, the insights provided hitherto and henceforth are crucial in the understanding and update of effective management and control of malaria. In addition, this gives awareness on the best way of handling a microorganism of clinical importance and determines the causative agents of various diseases to understand how to manage them. It is important to help the individual student to gain skills on how to receiver bacteria from the body of a human being. It places an individual student at the better position to acquire familiarity with the laboratory and clinical practices that help in carrying out the routine identification of bacteria in the samples collected.

It has a wide distribution range and is generally found in banana growing areas. In the African region, it has been reported from the Canary Islands (de Guiran and Vilardebo, 1962), Kenya (Prasad et al., 1995), Tanzania (Walker et al., 1983), Uganda (Machon et Hunt, 1985) and Rwanda (Gaidashova et al., 2003). In Ethiopia, it has previously been reported as a serious parasite of ensete (Bogale et al., 2004). The morpho- metrics of our specimens agree well with the original and various other descriptions of the species (Sher et Allen, 1953).

Feasibility of computer-aided identification of the Plasmodium berghei parasite in the liver stage life cycle and the classification of the parasite phenotype