Light Fidelity (Li-Fi)

The infrared camera can sometimes have a longer wavelength because the camera uses focal plane arrays. Thermography converts the infrared wavelength energy into a visible light. The infrared camera can only see objects warmer than -fifty-eight degrees

The ability to perceive lightness is a key component in completing everyday tasks. However, due to the variations in illumination and context, lightness perception theories fail to fully explain lightness perception for all situations. The anchoring theory of lightness perception (Gilchrist et al., 1999) successfully provides a theory that explains the accurate yet systematic inaccuracies of human lightness perception under vast conditions (Murray,2013). These conditions are governed by frameworks, which are groupings of surfaces that belong to each other more or less as determined by 5 factors; Depth, Orientation, Penumbrae, Junctions and Grouping (Gilchrist et al, 1999). However, as anchoring occurs independently within each framework, other theories have been founded which suggest that the human visual system uses the Gestalt laws of perceptual grouping to group regions into factions, known as frameworks, where all regions in the single framework are expected to be illuminated uniformly (Bressan, 2006).

An optical wave for wireless communication has big advantage as it exceed 1 Giga bps. It can’t cross water boundary easily, suffers from severe absorption and scattering suspending particles and planktons is significant • Moderate link range (up to tens of meters).

LEDs are disrupting modern agriculture by allowing farmers and researchers to control better control the duration, intensity and spectrum of the light the plants receive. Because of this LEDs are being looked into replacing HID and HPS lamps, in high density farming and being the soil light source for high value specialty crops.

Optical Networks provide a way of transmitting the user signal in an optical medium by converting them into light signals. Recent advances in the optical networking technologies enables the transport networks to be more intelligent and allows more flexibility in multiplexing and switching functions [2].

Optical fiber cables and connectors are a very essential part of the infrastructure in the world today. Because of the many advantages the optical fiber cables and connectors have over the old age traditional coaxial cables that were used in the olden days, fiber cables have outdone the performance the communications industry has ever reached in the past.

Figure 4 is signal chart of Omron D6T thermal sensor. It starts operation by sending “S”, followed by the address. After receiving “ACK”, it sends a read command and receives an “ACK” as well. Afterwards, “Sr” is sent and after another “ACK” is received, the master

In this project, after the design and development parts were completed. The hardware development consists of the development of DTMF circuits, driver circuit, microcontroller circuit and interfacing circuits by using EAGLE software. This chapter will discuss the results of the overall system development and its analysis. The result is discussed into two parts; the hardware development and accuracy of the system. These results have been analyzed in order to improve the system performance in future work. Also show the result of the project in the prototype.

Whether you’re using wireless internet in a coffee shop, stealing it from the guy next door, or competing for bandwidth at a

Abstract. Coherent Optical-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CO-OFDM) technique is extensively reconnoitered for next generation optical communication system emerges attractive pathway towards future implementation of 1 Tb/s Ethernet systems. This paper proposed the design of 100 Gb/s CO-OFDM system based on the dual polarization of signal. The performance of 100 Gb/s CO-OFDM system using Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) format transmitted over 576 km optical link using standard SMF is evaluated. The performance of the system in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), bit error rate (BER), laser linewidth, chromatic dispersion and receiving constellation diagram to accomplish excellent system. Eventually, dual polarization based CO-OFDM system has high spectral efficiency as compared to conventional CO-OFDM and invokes enhance track for the high-speed optical communication system.

The light used to transmit the data is called D-light by Harald Hass, the inventor of Li-Fi.

The rake receiver uses a combination of correlators to separately detect M strongest multipath components, code generators, and delays, or “fingers”, to spread out the individual echo signals of the multipath. Each signal is then delayed according to peaks found in the received signal. The rake receiver uses several "sub-receivers" each delayed slightly in order to tune in to the individual multipath components. Each component is decoded independently, but at a later stage combined using delay compensate combiner and MRC dispreading in order to make the most use of the different transmission characteristics of each

Abstract— This paper explains about the Evolution of fiber optic networks in Communications. It describes in detail about the Optics communication model and also detailed MATLAB work on calculating the parameters that are required to setup a optical link. It also emphasizes on different bands employed in Communication systems. The section three of the paper describes briefly regarding Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH). The SONET networks topology and their hierarchy is also described in this paper. The data rates of Sonet/Sdh and the optical market highlights are described at

The recent invention by Professor Harald Haas of The University of Edinburgh using visible light as a source to send data led us to do some research on Visible Light Communication, ultimately using this research for our project for the final year of my undergraduate program. In this the data is being transferred using visible light from transmitter to another receiver. It had unique features like it required very less hardware and a easy to learn software, the visual basic 2.0. The Project in the final year of diploma was the 'CAR BATTERY INVERTER’ in which it converts the Direct Current into Alternating Current in most feasible way. This project was selected by our college to represent it for the International Level Project Competition Cum Exhibition, for which we received Participation Certificates. During the same time, I attended the workshop on R-duno bot, which was held in one of the reputed institute of India, the IIT BOMBAY (Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay).

Embedded system is a combination of hardware and software, it is also named as “Firm ware”. An embedded system is a special purpose computer system, which is completely encapsulated by the device it controls. It is a computer-controlled system. An embedded system is a specialized system that is a part of a larger system or machine. As a part of a larger system it largely determines its functionality. Embedded systems are electronic devices that incorporate microprocessors with in their implementations. The main purpose of the microprocessors are simplify the system design and improve flexibility. In the embedded systems, the software is often stored in a read only memory (RAM) chip. Embedded systems provide several major functions including monitoring of the analog environment by reading data from sensors and controlling actuators.