Light Leadership Initiative

The author explained how the government established policies and initiatives that created ghettos and suburbs. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) is a program that helped citizens become homeowners by lending loans. However, only certain neighborhoods qualified for those loans. Research and data were used to prove that certain areas were considered a loss of investment. The

Many of the housing uses zoning power delegated by government officials to assure that certain races such as blacks don’t move into their neighborhood. Zoning power is regulating the use of land by state governments and local governments to exercise authority over privately owned real

In some communities migration is a kind of rite of passage like marriage. For rural families migration is a survival strategy.

CW5 Jeremy Light distinguished himself through exceptionally meritorious service during 29 years of service to the United States Army. CW5 Light’s technical competence, superb leadership skills, and tremendous devotion to duty have contributed immeasurably to every unit he served with throughout his career. He has served with distinction in ever increasing positions of responsibility, culminating as the Senior Ordnance Logistics Officer for the 21st Theater Sustainment Command and United States Army, Europe.

While social justice may not be at its peak today, times used to be worse. Formerly, while trying to improve cities with zoning- certain races, religions, and peoples were excluded from the nice parts of town and even jobs. Zoning began around 1900 when the local government restricted the height of buildings in Washington District of Columbia. From there, the government realized it could intervene on private property and the people would allow it (Silver, 1997). As zoning evolved, so did the type of zoning- from height restrictions to land use and eventually to redlining. Silver explains the extent situation as, “the nation's planning movement, not just its Southern branch, regarded land use controls as an effective social control mechanism for Blacks and other ‘undesirables’” (p. 2). Unfortunately for the US and for its citizens, racial zoning is not the only undesirable social norm.

“The reasonably probable legal use of vacant land or an improved property that is physically possible, appropriately supported, financially feasible, and that results in the highest value”.

Those who cannot afford the high prices of housing are often forced out into the streets where they face a very uncertain future due to the number of abuses they encounter daily from all walks of life, with the most damning being the vagrancy laws that come into vogue in areas that are getting gentrified, which many cities have passed to “protect” their newfound assets and tax base from the “lowering” of property values. Furthermore, when cities such as Los Angeles demand that property developers set aside affordable housing for lower income people, they get sued in court, such as in 2009, when real estate developer Geoffrey Palmer successfully sued in order to overturned an ordnance which required that. This was also the same man who also proposed building a footbridge connecting two of his buildings to minimize contact with people he deemed undesirable (Davis).

When leaders consider or propose a project, one common result is that the poor are displaced; often meaning that nobody will accept them. Therefore, this results in a never-ending cycle of human beings settling into a place and moving away from this “temporary home”. In San Francisco, California, a UN expert named Leilani Farha visited some temporary camps and was concerned about what she saw. The situation that these poor individuals face is quite saddening as San Francisco hails itself as one of the wealthiest cities in the world. Instead of trying to evict helpless residents from encampments and spreading the problem to different areas of the city, the government should provide temporary sheds with basic amenities. This establishment needs to have an on-site job center, in order to help its residents establish professional connections in the work world. If homeless people never enter the professional world, then they stay off the streets because a stable income has become attainable for them. More affordable housing units must be allocated to poor individuals, so that the backbone to the local economy is not entirely priced out of a desirable region. Most of the humans that live in those types of lodging perform the crucial occupations in the undesirable industries which help make a city run smoothly as a

Residents who live in neighborhoods that are undergoing gentrification are either directly or indirectly displaced to ensure that only residents who are approved by those with power live in these neighborhoods. Politicians and people of power or affluence use coded laws to achieve and enforce their desired segregation of a neighborhood. Aoki describes these laws as “this spatial segregation of

Distinguished in chapters three and four of The Color of Law, racial zoning is a way for organizations to manipulate and control what neighborhoods African-Americans and other ethnic minority groups reside in. Due to this, many of African-Americans viewed racial zoning as a serious threat to their well-being in the United States. With the help of Jim Crow laws, exclusionary zoning, and the "On-Your-Own-Home" campaign, banks and real-estate agents had provoked economic discrimination towards various ethnic minority groups. Furthermore, through the concepts of dysfunctionalism, social inequality, latent functionalism, and Eurocentrism as seen in The Real World, racial zoning has negatively affected African-Americans from breaking out of what the world considers them to be.

Zoning & Zoning Variances: Problems with zoning can prevent from developing your property in certain ways and for certain purposes. Zones are assigned specific laws and regulations you will be required to adhere to along with

Mike Davis, author of Planet of Slums, predicts the direction in which the world’s cities are headed, and how the changes in living conditions are only going to deteriorate if certain trends continue. The title of his book explains Davis’s vision for the future of cities as he feels there is enough evidence pointing towards an exponential rise in slum populations across the world’s largest cities. Additionally, he expresses his opinion on many issues regarding the rapid rise in developing cities’ slum populations, although he offers very one-sided arguments geared towards those who feel the current system is causing more problems rather than improving current conditions. This causes Davis to overlook the problems of slums as resolvable through different modes of assistance such as international aid programs. Instead, he views aid programs as the root cause of imbalance created during industrialization. Throughout the book, Davis presents information that confirms his preconceptions towards the slums. Therefore, all the evidence that is presented by him portrays confirmation bias as Davis fails to mention anything about the resolution of the problem of the growing number of slums and instead sees this problem as unavoidable. Particularly, Davis’ writing, although intended for the general population, is more geared towards critics who have similar ideas. Instead of providing the means through which the economy could be improved and the problem of slums could be resolved, it is

Kiberia, Africa’s largest slums where one million people live, is an “eyesore” in the eyes of Kenya’s president Mwai Kibaki. The place is in an extremely bad sanitary condition, with horrible smell, unpaved narrow streets, mud shacks, rivers are being filled with sewage, and mountains of trash. This is an ideal image of developing-countries poverty in many westerners. Sara Candiracci, one of the members of United Nations Human Settlements Program, even has to utter, “It is not acceptable that Kibera exists.” Thus, the government and the United Nations join hands together to change this area through an experimental slum-upgrading program. This program is said to benefit and reshape

The importance of this study is to alert both people and government of the causes of Rural-urban migration and its effect on economic growth. The effects of rural-urban migration on both rural and urban areas are alarming, overpopulation on the

Estimates of the percentage of illegal households in Egypt have been surprisingly large. Perhaps the highest estimate was by Hernando De Soto, where 92% of the urban sector and 87% of the rural sector were classified by him as ‘informal’ – 70% of which were classified as belonging to the ‘poor’ (De Soto, 1998). A more recent study estimated the number of “unplanned” informal households (households built on privately owned land but in violation of land use or building regulations) to be 70% of all Egyptian households (10Tooba, 2017). The aggregated data by governorate in this study allows for drawing interesting conclusions. For example, the study shows that “land-locked” cities of the Delta that do not have access to vacant desert land have the highest percentage of informal households (up to 93% in ?????). On the contrary, desert cities had much lower percentages of informal tenure, ranging from 8% to 28%. Additionally, those cities with access to both agricultural and desert land still had very high percentage of informal housing, ranging from 51% to 79% (Shawkat 2016;10 Tooba, 2017). Hence, it seems that informal urbanization is strongly tied to agricultural land; second, whenever privately owned agricultural land was available, it was prioritized for urbanization. Even when access to desert land was an option, the growth on agricultural land has superseded the urbanization in the desert.