Lillia Fernandez Summary

I live at 383 East, 143rd street and my zip code is 10454. It is an area in which Latinos are the main population. This area is called Mott Haven in which there are many public housing projects. I live in one of the housing project in which my neighbors I can see they are mainly Hispanics and Blacks. Around my specific zip code area, there are different neighborhoods. In addition, even though these neighbourhood are very close to each other, there are still a lot of differences between them. I will focus on the varieties of people’s races that inhabit certain areas of the zip code 10454 and how certain areas have more schools while other areas have more businesses.

“Nuestra América: Latino History as United States History” Journal of American History. 93.3 (2006): 655-672. Print.

The horrendous conditions on the island led to widespread dissent and an increasingly powerful nationalist movement. The tension between the two nations led to 40,000 Puerto Ricans migrating to New York City in 1946 and by 1960 there were one million Puerto Ricans in the U.S. (Gonzalez 81). Ethnic tensions were high with the sudden influx of Puerto Ricans, especially in New York, causing those who could unite to turn against in each other in the East Harlem gang wars. Eventually, the communality of Catholicism and economic status between Puerto Ricans, Italians, and the Irish led to better relations. The second generation of Puerto Ricans, described as “smart, urban, and English-dominant,” were still not regarded as true Americans. In order to lose the stigma as a foreigner there was a push to either become part of the white or black community, as Puerto Ricans were quite literally situated between both races. According to Gonzalez many Puerto Ricans were inclined to join the black power movement rather than integrate. There was dissent on being second-class citizens, especially after Puerto Ricans returned from Vietnam (93). There were Puerto Rican power movements that aligns with the Chicano Movement as a whole, but this died down leading in the 80s and 90s with the third generation of Puerto Ricans. Gonzalez’s point on the third generation of Puerto Ricans directly coincides with the data discussed in the article by Matt Barreto and Gary M. Segura’s Latino America. Both parties show an increasingly disconnected Latino youth, as Gonzalez states, “devoid, for the most part, of self-image, national identity, or cultural awareness,” while faced with social and economic problems faced nationally by Latinos, while simultaneously increasingly assimilating

Montejano’s book on the local history of the Chicano movement zeros in on the city of San Antonio, Texas as well as its surrounding cities. The city itself was severely segregated by Anglo elites at the top

One urban problem these immigrants face when arriving to Los Angeles is having a lack of education, and not being able to become educated properly. According to “5 Challenges Facing the Hispanic/Latino Community in the U.S.”, by Elias Moitinho, “Hispanics/Latinos have low levels of educational attainments” where “the high school dropout rate among Latino youths (17%) is nearly three times as high as it is among white youths (6%) and nearly double the rate among blacks (9%).” This issue facing Hispanic immigrants as they settle in Los Angeles can be related to poverty where “reportedly, 5 million Latinos (one-third of their total number) are living in poverty in the state” of California (Palash Ghosh). Considering how poverty is relevant to Hispanic immigrants, this leads to fiscal problems where services such as public education lack funding, resulting in an education crisis. Another urban problem is the issue of transportation use. Hispanic immigrants require transportation to get to their locations such as work, and many rely on public transportation due to their economic conditions. These immigrants reply on “a diverse transportation network” that is “especially important for those without cars, which includes…17 percent of Latino… households” (Manuel Pastor). Another urban challenge immigrant Hispanics face is settling in areas

A quarter mile from my house there was an entire plaza of Southeast Asian stores and restaurants and a half mile away was another, larger plaza with mostly Mexican and other Central American businesses and spaces. In spite of this economic activity, the predominance of apartments, with 66.7% of occupied housing units being renter occupied and nearly 80% of the total population living in these units, in addition to 82.1% of the Spanish speaking population over the age of 25 having earned less than a highschool diploma are emblematic of the relationship between being a person of color in this country and the barriers to accumulating wealth. This is supported as well by the fact that 11.4% of those who speak only English at home are below the poverty level whereas this number is 32.8% for those who speak Spanish or Spanish Creole.

It appeared that minorities such as African Americans and Latin Americans came to the Los Angeles area in search for a better life for themselves and their families. They both came to the same place for the same reason: “sharing

America, the States, USA, the North, are all different ways of referring to the nation in which everyone believes their dreams can become a reality. The United States of America is and has always been a nation of immigrants, but many forget that the first ones to arrive were not British but Spanish. The Spanish conquistadors were the first ones to arrive on American soil during the beginning of the 1500s. Soon most of the powerful nations in Europe followed. Despite their positive impact on the American culture, Latinos have been degraded for many years by the media, stereotypes and people with power like the chiefs of police and even presidential candidates. While the media portrays Latinos as maids and gangsters, the majority of Latinos migrate to the USA looking for a better future for their families and for themselves. In this essay, I will investigate the complex role that Latinos have played in American society, economic, and political life, focusing specifically on the cultural disconnect between Latino self-identification and white-American misconceptions of Latino-specific immigration.

The book Beyond El Barrio Everyday Life in Latina/o America by Gina M. Perez, Frank A. Guridy, and Afrian Burgos Jr. is a book about the stereotypes, citizenship, and community of Latina/os in the United States. Each chapter shows a new theme such as latinos in baseball, Latinas/os in the military, and Spanish radio. The book shows connection between different communities of Latinas/os and how they have struggled to be apart of the U.S. society beyond the boundaries that they feel limited to. This book was a difficult piece of writing for me to understand but has ultimately changed the way I view Latinas and has shown clear intersections of politics, representation, and citizenship of Latinas and Latinos in the United States.

“Bienvenidos a La Villita” is spelled across an arch that marks the entryway of Little Village, a southwest neighborhood of Chicago known for its diversity and culture. There are all types of neighborhoods throughout the city. Little Village is just one of these ethnic neighborhoods that Chicago is known for. It is often referred to as the “Mexico of the Midwest,” but was not always occupied by the large population of Latinos it is known for today. The population composition of Little Village has changed dramatically from predominantly Czech and Polish to a Latino population in the present. This shift in population is what created La Villita (Little Village), a point of entry for Latino immigrants to Chicago. The identity of a neighborhood

The South Bronx is an area filled with rich culture and unique qualities. For the past 50 years, it has seen many changes from the shift in ethnicity to the rapid growth in the immigrant population. Commonly known as the “Boogie Down”, the South Bronx has had its reputation for being the birthplace of hip-hop. With the widespread increase of Blacks and Hispanics in the community, the South Bronx has moved from Blacks being the minority of Whites being the minority. This ethic is due to numerous factors that will discuss, in order to see why people have chosen to make in and out of the South Bronx neighborhood of Parkchester. A census conducted throughout the past years will emphasize on the numeric values of this change. Additionally, it

Residential segregation is a wide spread topic of discussion throughout cities across the United States. With population in larger cities growing, the separation of groups into neighborhoods is common — placing different standards of living on each section depending on the wealth and race of the inhabitants. In There Goes the Neighborhood: Racial Ethnic, and Class Tensions in Four Chicago Neighborhoods and Their Meaning for America William Julius Wilson and Richard P. Taub explore a new areas of Chicago and the residential segregation taking place there by creating a

Still, in urban areas with a high concentration of Hispanics, like East Los Angeles, Coral Gables in Miami, Corona in Queens and Washington Heights in New York, children interact closely with other Latino children, which will help to maintain its Latin culture and feel more comfortable with it, as well as Spanish speaking outside his house. As a result, this generation of children will grow up bilingual and bicultural and, in most cases, keep the orientation of traditional Hispanic values. This observation does not apply so much Latino children living in areas with low population density Hispanic, usually outside residential

In the mid-1970s the New York Media warned the public to a Latin Boom in New York City. Back then it was the Salsa Craze, the coming into view of a new wave of politicians and (people who use action and strong words to support or argue (against) something), and the going past of the one million (dividing lines/points where things begin or change) in the Latino population. Since then, each passing ten years has brought on new statements of an (exciting and new) moment.

Osorio’s works are a reaction to effects of cultural displacement on Puerto Ricans living in and near New York City.o