Limitation Of Limitation

Ethical guidelines are the frameworks and standards that govern psychologists in conducting a morally justified research to respect the rights of the participants. Since the researchers are responsible for the welfare of the participants, it is vital for them to act in accordance with a specific strict code of ethics and moral principles. One of the common ethical framework used in many psychological studies is IVCARD where ‘I’ stands for Informed Consent, ‘V’ equals Voluntary Participation, ‘C’ is Confidentiality, ‘A’ being Accurate Reporting, ‘R’ is Right To Withdraw and ‘D’ as Do No Harm. Although there are few disadvantages of these strict ethical guidelines, the advantages outweigh them. This is evident from two of the

The APA ethical guidelines help to ensure that all psychological research maintains the integrity that it does not do harm or conflicts with the majority of the human populations moral ethical codes. However, in some situations the APA ethical guidelines must be viewed as just that: guidelines. If a study has the potential to benefit humanity as a whole and does not result in the permanent or irreparable harm to a human being then some guidelines must be permitted to be stretched or even broken in the interest of human advancement and scientific progression. After all the goal and responsibility of a psychologist is to enhance our understanding of human behavior as well as to find ways to use this information to better society and humanity

Such risk factors increase by how young the juvenile offender is during their violent offenses (Howell, et al., 2014). One group of experts on evidence-based juvenile justice systems argues that, despite the relatively small proportion of the juvenile justice population that serious violent cases account for, they should be a priority for systems when allocating meager funding (Howell, et al., 2014). Chronic violent offenders, though small in numbers, account for the majority of all violent offenses, as backed by two self-report studies. One study in Rochester revealed that, “the chronic violent offenders constituted only 15 percent of the total sample, yet self-reported having committed 75 percent of all of the violent offenses reported in the entire sample” (Howell, et al., 2014, page 13). Meanwhile, in a Denver study, the chronic violent offenders constituted only 14 percent of its total sample, yet self-reported having committed 82 percent of all of the violent offenses reported in the entire sample (Howell, et al., 2014).

Where parents and their children reside can have a huge impact on their lives in many different aspects. Children with parents that are incarcerated, are typically raised in poor and poverty stricken neighborhoods. “Of course there are middle-class and even some wealthy offenders, but when proportioned, over 90 percent of offenders are what we would define as poor” (Maier 93). “Poverty is the big background picture, the framework, the major context for crime, criminal behavior, and incarceration” (Maier 93). Although it may not be preventable, living in areas where crime occurs so regularly and drugs are at such easy access, it is hard for these parents to avoid it all and they end up falling short to the temptation of it all. So for those living in

Many criminological theories have the capacity to explain street crimes and violent crimes, including strain theory and biological positivism. The two theories have contrasting views that both attempt to explain why individuals commit unlawful activity, and highlights the certain characteristics that is believed by the theorists to be the initiators of criminals engaging in deviant behaviour. Although both theories have their own strengths and weaknesses, however in this essay, a critical analysis as to why strain theory, as a social explanation of crime, endorses a more powerful effect in producing a thorough understanding of criminal activity as opposed to biological positivism. Furthermore, within this essay, official statistics and case

The first study was conducted by Theobald, Farrington and Piquero, (2013) who looked at disadvantaged upbringings such as childhood broken homes, adult violence or a low family income and whether this contributed to potential criminality. By conducting this research they found that violence and hyperactivity links to the effect of a broken home on later violent criminal convictions. Crime is quite often thought to be more common among individuals with lower incomes, and although this study does take into account wealth, other factors such as social measures and education should be taken into account alongside

Is maltreatment of minority youth responsible for their criminal behavior as adults? The authors of the article I chose sought to find out the adverse effects of maltreatment and the indicators that preceded youth committing crime and recidivism (Baglivio, Wolff, Piquero, Bilchik, Jackowski, Greenwald & Epps, 2015). They used current research studies and built upon it to further show youth prior or concurrent involvement in the child welfare and delinquency system (Baglivio et al., 2015) can reveal indicators for future behavior. The researchers first examined prior differences in the juvenile justice processing system. Youth with a prior history of the family being involved in the welfare system was less likely to be sanctioned for committing

Committing violent offences as a juvenile did not necessarily lead to violent offending in adulthood, with offenders even over the course of their criminal career commit non-violent offences Moffit’s (1993) adolescent limited theory is back up with McGrath (2015) findings suggesting the violence in youth offending dose not determine if juveniles will go on to have a violent criminal

Juveniles have been largely categorized according to their ethnicity, which forms an important facet in the criminal justice system. Rovner (2016) contextually revealed that the African Americans are four times more likely to be commit repeat crimes and be arrested as compared to the White juveniles (Rovner, 2016). The lifestyle, housing, income distribution and other aspects of the African American juvenile is relatively different from the other ethnicities, which might contribute to their propensity of committing criminal offences. At often instances, isolation from the other communities and high concentration of poverty directly force these juveniles towards educational failures, joblessness and inhibited morality. Notably, these issues can be linked with the behavioral aspect of those individuals in committing crimes, also in addition to the influences of the compounding effect of the cultural history that makes criminal conducts more prominent among the African American juveniles (National Academy of Sciences, 2017).

It is important to recognize that not all family situations will be a positive influence on an offender’s criminal behavior. In particular, an interview of a women ex-offender in Mills andCodd’s(2008) study indicates many girls and women pathway to crime is through dealing drugs for boyfriends or family members, and/or had a childhood history victimization and/or neglect. Their study emphasized that families of offenders returning from incarceration, “may themselves engage in criminal activity or be the cause of the initial offending, and in such cases are unlike to promote a reduction in re-offending”. Moreover, an ex-offender, who has family members who also engaged in crime, or who has a history of abuse and neglect by family members, is likely to be at greater risk of re-offending because criminal behavior has been learned, often from an early age (Sampson and Laub 1993).

The researchers used the methodology of the longitudinal design over the course of 15 years and used self-report methods and a series of episodic tests. The participants were

Parental criminality is considered as one of the risk factors behind the development of criminality in children and adolescents (Nijhof, 2009).These children have less educational success and struggle to build positive relationships with others. They tend to have poor social skills, attitudes and seem to be at a disadvantaged in society (Turanovic, 2012). Efforts have been made by researchers using qualitative studies in order to create an understanding behind intergenerational criminal behavior and get a closer look at their offending history. Findings suggest that the environment that children are raised in contributes substantially to parent and child criminal behavior particularly in neighbors of low economic status, where social strain

One study conducted by Chen, Propp, deLara, & Corvo at Syracuse University School of Social Work hypothesized that victims of childhood neglect are more likely to be arrested for juvenile drug and alcohol offenses than their community matched pairs (Chen et. al, 2013). They also proposed that adolescents who are male, minority, and neglect victims are at the greatest risk of being arrested for juvenile drug and alcohol offenses. This is concurrent with my position that neglected children are at an increased risk for juvenile delinquency. The study utilized data and findings from the ‘‘Childhood Victimization and Delinquency, Adult Criminality, and Violent Criminal Behavior in a Large Urban County in the Northwest United States, 1980–1997’’

Drakeford, and Butler, (2001) have argued that system replicate the inconsistent parenting which most young offender

Juvenile offending is a major problem in society. Understanding the risk factors that contribute to the increased likelihood of a juvenile to engage in delinquency is important. There are many factors that can influence the increased risk of juvenile delinquency. These factors include poverty, low socioeconomic status, age (Jarjoura, Triplett, & Brinker, 2002), race, gender (Lucero, Barret, & Jensen, 2015), education (Lucero, Barret, & Jensen, 2015; Jarjoura, 1993), and family structure (Anderson, 2002; Kierkus & Hewitt, 2009). It is important to examine if some risk factors can contribute more than others and to what extent they interact with one another. This paper will discuss three important risk factors that contribute to the likelihood of juveniles engaging in deviant acts. The three risk factors discussed are poverty, family structure, and educational attainment. In addition, this paper will demonstrate how these three risk factors interact with one another, resulting in a higher propensity for involvement in juvenile delinquency.