Liquid Biopsies : Tumor Diagnosis And Treatment Monitoring

Breast cancer is a complex disease that will affect around 1 in 9 Canadian women during their lifespan. According to the latest statistics, it is found that around

The leading cause in death in Canada is cancer. They are working for a cure as of right now but there is only so much they can do at this time.

The types of cancer that caused most deaths of the indigenous population in 2008-2012 were lung cancer, liver cancer and breast cancer.

Cancer is listed as the second most common cause of death in western countries; particularly, in adults. Though it has a long antiquity, its prevalence and incidence today is pervasive and the war on cancer has not been promising. Malignant neoplasia is characterized by uncontrolled growth and the ability to metastasize or spread from the original site. Cancer results from mutations that promote cell proliferation and inhibit cell adhesion (metastasis). According to the National Cancer Institute (2016), “Cancer can also spread regionally,

A biopsy of the suspected cancer tissue is the only definitive diagnosis (Davis, 2016). There are several different ways a biopsy can be obtained such as through an endoscopy, needle biopsy, and surgical biopsy. Once the biopsy is obtained the tissue is examined under a microscope to determine whether the tumor is malignant or benign, type of cancer, and the tumor grade ("Module 6: Cancer," 2011). The tumor grade refers to how similar or different the cells resemble the normal tissue. If the tumor cells resemble the normal tissue it is referred to as well differentiated and tends to be slow growing and leads to good prognosis. However, if the tumor cells do not resemble or only slightly resemble the normal tissue it is referred to as poorly differentiated or undifferentiated. This is usually indicative of a fast growing and more aggressive cells that may ultimately lead to a poorer prognosis (“Module 6: Cancer,” 2011).

People all over the world are affected by cancer everyday. It is estimated that every day of 2015, 68 Canadian women are diagnosed with breast cancer. Breast cancer affects people of all ages in a direct or indirect way. Every 23 seconds someone gets breast cancer, and every 59 seconds someone dies from breast cancer. Breast cancer is a very large topic around the world

Approximately 48,250 Americans will be diagnosed with oral cancer this year, the Oral Cancer Foundation revealed. Out of this number, 9,575 deaths will occur, killing at least one person every hour.

As we continue on with Canada’s healthcare system, we wanted to go into their system within specifically to see what do they cover when treating a disease compared to the United States of America. Since, everyone had presented the topic of most concern, heart disease, knowing that it is a huge epidemic within each country. In Canada, their top ten causes of death include, from the highest to the lowest are ischemic heart disease (13.8%); Alzheimer’s and other dementias (9.5%); trachea, bronchus, lung cancers (8.1%); stroke (5.4%); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (4.5%); colon and rectum cancers (3.7%); diabetes mellitus (2.7%); lower respiratory infections (2.3%); breast cancer (2.2%); and falls (1.9%) (World Health Organization,

CT-scanning is one approach to making diagnoses in the process of treating cancer. The goal of this this paper is to determine whether genetic markers are capable of making prognoses, treatments plans, etc., therefore is crucial to demonstrate and discus the current approaches, and to see if any of the steps taken in the current approaches should be assimilated into the new approach of using genetic markers.

Breast cancer has been identified as the leading cause of diagnosed death in women worldwide (World Cancer Research International, 2016). Statistics from Australia predicted that a total of about 16, 084 people would be diagnosed in 2016 (Understanding Breast Cancer, 2016). Such

Cancer is known as a disease when abnormal cells start to divide uncontrollably and start to destroy body tissue. “This year about 564,800 Americans are expected to die of cancer—more than 1,500 people a day” (TLCF). Throughout the past ten years the percentage of death rates have gone down for many cancers but, for others it has increased.

Further research and mortality data collection (Table 1.3-1.6) are from Canadian Cancer Statistics. Canadian Cancer Statistics is an annual publication that started in 1987. It is established and supported by the Canadian Cancer Society, the Public Health Agency of Canada and Statistics Canada. The primary purpose of Canadian Cancer Statistics is to present valid statistics of mortality, incidence and other statistical information regarding cancer to researchers, health professionals and members of the public (Canadian Cancer Society, 2014). The data presented in Canadian Cancer Statistics were primarily obtained from the Canadian Cancer Registry, Canadian Vital Statistics Death database, Census and Demographics Branch at Statistics Canada (Canadian Cancer Society, 2014). The estimated cancer mortality data and tables in this report are primarily obtained from The Canadian Vital Statistics-Death database. The Canadian Vital Statistics-Death database is generally responsible for gathering and reporting demographic, medical and other statistical information regarding deaths annually from all regions in Canada (Statistics

There are several types of biopsy techniques such as endoscopy biopsy, surgical biopsy and needle biopsy [12]. Most types of cancers are discovered after taking a biopsy from a suspicious area, which is then sent to the pathology lab for examination by a pathologist [13].

Renal biopsy an invasive procedure in which a sample of renal tissue is obtained(1) . Microscopic examination of the biopsied tissue can provide information needed to diagnose, monitor and/or treat renal disorder. The introduction of renal biopsy in clinical practice has represented one of the most important advances in the field of clinical nephrology. Renal biopsy has contributed greatly to l classification of intrinsic renal diseases and, therefore, to a better knowledge of the pathogenesis involved. In spite of the flood of new and less invasive tests, renal biopsy is still an irreplaceable tool in assessing diagnosis and prognosis and guiding, the treatment of many renal diseases. It is being more frequently used, especially with the advancement

Clinical microscopy, also known as urinalysis, is the analysis of urine by physical, chemical, and microscopically means to test for the presence of disease, drugs and other abnormalities in a urine sample. Abnormal results of a urinalysis often require more testing and evaluation to uncover the source of the problem. (Echeverry, 2010). Urinalysis can provide that reflects a patient’s general medical health and also a clinical aspect of the patient. Unlike all other bodily fluids, urine samples are readily available and most of the routine test carried out on urine are simple to carry out using a chemically impregnated strip. For routine collection of urine specimen there are important collection and preservation methods that should be considered including, the container used, the