List Of Common Genes Of ADHD, Asd ( ASD )

It is widely agreed that ADHD is over diagnosed. According to the study, only 22 percent of 92 children referred to an ADHD clinic actually met the criteria. Furthermore, numerous arguments would urge the general public and the medical community that what has been proven is a large varying degree of severity of the condition. In turn, the symptoms may be expressed in every person, only with varying intensity. Although no conclusive evidence is currently available to prove the existence of the genetic disorder, no concrete evidence dispels its existence either. Still, the fact that the disorder has passed through a crowd of names, including organic drivenness, hyperkinetic syndrome, attention-deficit disorder and now ADHD provides evidence on

Some major causal variables that have been identified are categorised as neurological factors, toxic reactions, genetic linkages and environmental factors. However, most of the available evidence found, points to neurological factors, which are imbalances of neurotransmitters in the brain, and genetic variables as the primary causes of ADHD. The environmental factors and toxic reactions (such as lead exposure and food additives) are considered very minimal causes of ADHD. The search for causes of ADHD continues. There are many variables which are biological or thought to have an affect on biological functioning.

Further evidence has been obtained from twin studies by comparing the rate of concordance between monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. All of the genes are shared in the case of MZ twins whereas in DZ twins only 50% of segregating genes are shared on average. A study that involved comparing the rate of concordance between the two types of twins revealed that among MZ twins, the rate of concordance ranged between 58% and 82%. For the same sex in DZ twins, the rate was 31%-38%. These results provided more evidence to the heritable nature of ADHD. However, the fact that the rate of concordance in MZ twins was less than 100% in all the studies conducted implies the involvement of environmental components in the aetiology of ADHD.

As ADHD is categorized in neurodevelopmental disorders in the DSM-5, this psychiatric disorder involves selective impairment in relation to neurological

Both kids and adults can have ADHD but symptoms always start in childhood. Research shows that ADHD is genetic and that it may be inherited in most cases. Yet, scientist are always looking for currently looking for genes that may cause ADHD. They are also studying for things that may be associated with ADHD. For example, ADHD may be more common with children born prematurely. However, doctors do know that certain parts of the brain are involved with ADHD. Brain chemicals called neurotransmitters play an important role in ADHD. People with low amounts of these may show signs of

ADHD or ADD, a mental illness in which every American thinks they seem to have at times. Many people seem to think at times they have ‘ADHD brain’ at times or say they are ‘so ADHD’. ADHD or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a mental disorder which is characterized by the DSM-V as impairing one's attention, shifting tasks constantly, and displaying hyperactive behavior (European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of Adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD). Although some people seem to think ADHD is just something kids experience nowadays, recent research is showing perhaps ADHD is a product of natural selection, and at one time needed to survive in nomadic settings. Many people afflicted with ADHD seem to think they were biologically wired in a certain way and recent research is pointing to the fact that this

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heritable, neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity (del Campo et al, 2011). The disorder begins in early childhood and persists into adolescence, and for 70% it continues on to adulthood (Sharma & Couture, 2014). Those who suffer ADHD experience challenges, particularly during their development. Impulsivity and inattention often result in lower performance in school, and greater incidents of motor accidents and¬ risky behaviour. Additionally, individuals with ADHD have higher rates of one or more comorbidities including major depression and anxiety disorders (Sharma & Couture).

In human populations, this variant occurs frequently, contrary to popular belief, reaching frequencies as high as 80% in certain South American groups (Arcos-Burgos and Acosta 2007, 237). In general, the frequency of 7-repeat DRD4 in a population is proportionate to that population’s distance from equatorial Africa, perhaps because novelty-seeking individuals were more likely to succeed over long migrations (Kiaris 2012). This pattern of gene frequency suggests that the traits associated with ADHD provide a selective advantage in certain

According to National Center for Learning Disabilities article “How ADHD Affects Learning” “symptoms of ADHD are often severe, frequent, and first occur early, between the ages of three and six” (2010). Being overly active, trouble staying focused or paying attention, and trouble controlling impulses are the main symptoms doctors are seeing in kids today. There are factors that are said to contribute to this learning disability; environmental factors, brain injuries, sugar, early exposure to lead, smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy, and food additives. Genes are now being studied and being said that they play a big role in ADHD. “A study of children with ADHD found that those who carry a particular version of a certain gene have thinner brain tissue in the areas of the brain associated with attention” (“Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder” 2012). Symptoms of ADHD may be easy to spot in a child but getting a correct diagnosis is not.

According to a study by the National Institute of Health (NIH), “children with ADHD who had the z-repeat version of the dopamine D4 receptor gene had thinner-than normal areas in the brain’s out mantle, the cerebral cortex” (Teens with ADHD 2). Meaning that children with ADHD who were constantly being tested were all seen having the same gene variation in their brains. Thus showing that within ADHD it causes a type of gene to be thinner than it is supposed to be causing a malfunction in the brain’s production of chemicals. After experimenting with children with ADHD throughout their childhood the NIH concluded that ADHD, “Likely stems from interactions between several genes and non-genetic genes” (Teens with ADHD 2). This proves that ADHD not only is caused by the variation of genes but also of several other factors. Furthermore, proving that the variation of genes is one of the reason and ways that ADHD could be proven by doctors and

In other words, they are chunks of DNA that are either missing or duplicated. “Thapar goes on to explain that these missing or duplicated chunks of DNA are in the areas of the chromosome that overlap with those implicated in autism and schizophrenia” (DeNoon). Therefore , ADHD and Autism are very related because of the similar characteristics they share. Lastly, Thapar elaborates on how she “found out the most significant excess of these copy number variants was in a specific region that includes genes for brain development” (DeNoon). Thapar and others were able to collect data from over 350 children to prove their data. In addition, “Scientists from the National Institute of Mental Health identified individuals with ADHD have thinner tissue in the areas of the brain associated with attention” (Healthline). Those with ADHD serves from having thinner tissues around their brain. For example, kids with ADHD havse difficult times in school because of they are easily distracted, hard to keep organized and has hard times remembering assignments. Those that are born with thicker tissues around the brain, have a easier lifestyle than those with ADHD. However, “First-degree relatives of patients with ADHD are two to eight times more likely to develop ADHD than a person who has no first-degree relatives with ADHD. Boys are two times more likely to be affected than girls” (Block). Out of every 8th

Due to the fluidity of the ADHD diagnosis, the validity in ADHD’s presence has been up for debate. However, ADHD is a neurobiological disorder. There is proof of its biological origins. Through various imaging studies, researchers have been able to determine various areas of the brain that are different in children with ADHD. The caudate nucleus and globus pallidus, areas highly concentrated with DA receptors, the posterior brain, and areas involved in coordinating activities are all smaller in children with ADHD. Specific genes are also being identified in association with ADHD, including: mutations in the human thyroid receptor gene on chromosome 3, DAT on chromosome 5, and DRD4 on chromosome 11. ADHD’s connection to DAT and DRD4 also support findings that deficiency in dopamine lead to a diagnosis of ADHD. The non-genetic causes of ADHD are also

What do schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, bipolar disorder, and cocaine all have in common? It turns out they are all linked to the role of the dopamine transporter (DAT), which is an integral membrane protein responsible for the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse. Drugs that bind to DAT to prevent the reuptake of dopamine are used to treat the diseases mentioned above, among others. However, cocaine, which is also a DAT blocker, leads to profoundly negative effects, such as addiction and psychomotor stimulation. Understanding how different DAT blockers produce distinct behavioral and chemical responses could be the key to developing better drugs to treat dopaminergic disorders and also addiction to DAT blockers like cocaine.

autism, a number of gene alleles (many of which are connected to various neurological problems) make a contribution to an individual being

     ADHD is a neurobiologically based developmental disability estimated to affect between 3-5 percent of the school age population (Panksepp, J. 1998). No one knows exactly what causes ADHD. Scientific evidence suggests that the disorder is genetically transmitted in many cases and results from a chemical imbalance