Listeria Monocytogenes Research Paper

(2)N.meningitidis belongs to the family Neisseriaceae. When it was first being identified in 1887, the scientists found Neisseria meningitidis as a fastidious, encapsulated, non-spore forming, non-motile, non acid-fast aerobic gram-negative diplococcus bacterium. It appears in kidney bean shape under the microscope and it is 0.5-1 micrometer in size. The bacteria need an environment with about 5% CO2 for normal growth. The preferred incubation temperature is around 35-37°C. The capsule that N. Meningitidis has is not only an important virulence factor, but also is used to distinguish the twelve serogroups of the pathogen. Each serogroup possesses different pathogenicity, immunogenicity, and epidemic capabilities. Four of the serotypes (A, B, C, and W-135) are responsible for most of the epidemics in the world. Serotype A is most commonly seen in Africa and Asia; whereas Serotype B can be mostly found in America.

On August 2008, after meat samples were collected from Toronto’s nursing homes and hospitals, a Toronto Maple Leaf Food’s plant was confirmed as being involved in the outbreak of the food-borne illness, caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes 2. Pregnant women, children and elderly were more at risk due to their weaker immune systems. The listeria outbreak claimed the life of over 20 people and caused panic among consumers who had ingested Maple Leaf products.

Bacteria can exist almost everywhere, some are harmless, and some are harmful. There are thousands of different types of bacteria and they fall

The Maple leaf foods listeria outbreak resulted 22 deaths and a widespread recall of luncheon meat, Sandwiches and deli platters, more than  220 packages of produce and a 20$ million dollar settlement for the company as well as consumer confidence in the produce was jolted. The Outbreak was caused by two meat slicing machine’s that were contaminated with Listeriosis and not cleaned properly.

The review indicated that there were several deficiencies existed at this plant, which contributed to the outbreak. For example, Maple Leaf Foods’ plant was aware that it had occurrences of Listeria in the plant in 2007 and 2008, and tried to correct the problem with sanitation procedures. As a result, the plant’s management thought Listeria was under control. Maple Leaf Foods did not conduct the trend analysis required under its Listeria control policy. Without this analysis, the recurring positive results were not identified. Also, the company did not establish an effective escalation process for the repeated occurrence of the bacteria. Furthermore, as a response to a market opportunity, Maple Leaf Foods produced large quantity of its deli meat products, targeted specifically to institutions such as hospitals and long-term care facilities serving high risk individuals, using a low-sodium recipe that increased the potential for Listeria to grow3. However, Maple Leaf Foods did not make corresponding adjustments or improvements to enhance its food safety procedures to reflect the higher risk identified in this special kind of deli products. Apparently, in this issue, Maple Leaf Foods was an active agent; it purposely reduced the sodium to cater

Healthy people may experience no ill-effects from this infection, but the risks are substantial for pregnant women as the greatest danger is to the unborn baby, with increased risks of miscarriage, stillbirth or premature labour.

When it comes to food borne illnesses there is a high risk population of people who are most likely to get a food borne illness than others. These people include elderly people , people with compromised immune systems and preschool aged children. Younger children have not yet developed all the way and that means that their immune system is not as strong yet so this is probably why so many of

Norovirus and Salmonella are the two most common pathogens, resulting in the most hospitalizations and deaths. Norovirus is a pathogen that infects the stomach and intestines by causing inflammation. Symptoms of norovirus include; nausea/vomiting, diarrhea and stomach pain leading to dehydration causing one to urinate more frequently and feel dizzy while standing up. In order to avoid contracting the Norovirus, the CDC recommends thoroughly washing fruits, vegetables and cooking seafood to appropriate temperatures, which can survive up to 140 degrees Fahrenheit (https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/preventing-infection.html). Salmonella affects the gastrointestinal tract when bacteria is swallowed, mainly coming from raw food products; eggs,

People at any age are at risk they can become infected. Consumers need to throw away any of the products that they have in their homes to avoid getting ill. Consumers need not to eat or play with raw cookie dough any dough that is intended to be cooked or baked in the oven. They need to wash their hands, they need to wash their work surfaces and their utensils after contact with raw dough products containing flour. They need to keep away from other foods when they are preparing them so that way they can prevent any contamination that can be present from spreading. You should contact your health care provider if you are seeing or having any symptoms of E.Coli 0121 and 026. If consumers have any questions they should and can contact the company at 800-230-8103. FDA is telling people if they have any

There are special nursing interventions that need to be considered in elderly patients infected with Norovirus. Vomiting and diarrhoea are major concern for the health and quality of life for the elderly. Both can cause dehydration, and can disturb the fluid, electrolyte and acid-base

In August-October 2011 there was an outbreak of the Bacteria Listeriosis coming from a Colorado farm called Jensen Farm. Jensen farm held a press conference on September fourteenth and voluntarily recalled their cantaloupe. The cost associated with just one food borne illness shocked me. The symptoms of this outbreak were the same for many of the victims which included: fever, muscle aches, and diarrhea. The causalities were extremely high in this outbreak. There were 146 total infections, 30 deaths, and even a miscarriage roaming over 28 states in total. Most People who became ill were over sixty and fifty-eight percent were female (Multistate Outbreak of Listeriosis Linked to Whole Cantaloupes from Jensen Farms,

The bacterium is largely spread in nature and be present in soil, water and contaminated foods. Animals and fresh produce are prone to contamination in foul environment. How this affected Enterprise Food, is the factory workers were in the presence of the bacterium while they were producing the perishable, and from the above research listeriosis shows that it has the ability to affect the working environment through oxygen ‘inhaling’, and through quality checks when the quality in spectator test the product as for quality protocol by tasting the perishable meat. Infection of the bacterium can cause in mild to severe febrile gastroenteritis and in pregnant women, the bacterium can cause pregnancy loss. (National institute for communicable

Serratia Marcescens are rod-shaped bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae. They are a group of Gram negative bacterium that are opportunistic human pathogens humans(Petersen and Tisa 2013). The genus Serratia has 14 recognized species with 2 subspecies(Mahlen 2011). S. marcescens cause in hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) (Sydnor and Perl 2011) and diarrhea associated with HIV/AIDS. Serratia can survive in different environments like water, soil, and the digestive tracts of various animals Petersen and Tisa 2013). In the gastrointestinal tract, it can destroy microvilli and vacuolization. It can also cause nosocomial infections like catheter-associated bacteremia, urinary tract infections respiratory tract infection, meningitis, bacteremia

Listeria can greatly impact members of any community. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that groups within communities that are more at risk of becoming infected by Listeria are pregnant women, newborns, the elderly and individuals with weakened or compromised immune systems (CDC 1st, 2015). The most recent outbreak that received a substantial amount of media coverage was the outbreak linked to Blue Bell creameries products in February 2015. The Blue Bell investigation period per the CDC actually began in 2010. Although the outbreak investigation is over, the CDC explains consumers and retailers should remain vigilant because people could continue to become sick if they are unaware of the recall and consume any of

Pathogenic L. monocytogenes go through an intracellular life cycle involving early escape from the phagocytic vacuole, rapid intracytoplasmic multiplication, bacterially induced actin-based motility, and direct spread to neighboring cells, in which they reinitiate the cycle. The bacterium is first phagocytosed by these cells and secretes a pore-forming toxin called listeriolysin, which allows the bacterium to escape from the phagosome. All virulent strains of L. monocytogenes synthesize and secrete listeriolysin. Phospholipase A and B are other virulence factors that facilitate escape of L. monocytogenes from the phagosome. Once out of the phagosome L. monocytogenes is capable of rapid division in the cytoplasm, evading the immune response and moving throughout the cytoplasm from cell to cell. L. monocytogenes is well known for its ability to propel itself like a rocket through the cell cytoplasm. This is the result of the bacterium’s ability to polymerize actin filaments at its tail end. Actin is arranged in subunits to form microfilaments that are capable of directing cell movement. L. monocytogenes accomplishes cell motility through a virulence factor called ActA that takes advantage of normal actin polymerization going on in the cell. The ActA protein shares sequence homology with a protein called WASP that is found in virtually all eukaryotic cells. WASP is responsible for recognizing and