Listeriaia Meningitis Research Paper

The Maple leaf foods listeria outbreak resulted 22 deaths and a widespread recall of luncheon meat, Sandwiches and deli platters, more than  220 packages of produce and a 20$ million dollar settlement for the company as well as consumer confidence in the produce was jolted. The Outbreak was caused by two meat slicing machine’s that were contaminated with Listeriosis and not cleaned properly.

• the dose to give and how often it may be repeated before referring to the resident’s doctor

A nurse should maintain doses administration as per repeated cycle of frequencies every 4 hours or 3 hours per day. Guidelines that facilitate the administration of time-critical

Make sure you refrigerate perishable foods within two hours. And don’t forget to always wash your hands with soap and water before handling food and after touching raw meat.

Treat with Amoxicillin 875 mg BID or Amoxicillin 500 mg TID x 5-7 days. Instruct client to take the medication as directed, and to complete all doses even if symptoms improve (Natal,

Every year over 96,000 people contract E.Coli, 3,200 of those people are hospitalized for E.Coli, and over 31 people die each year from E.Coli (Food News). E.Coli (otherwise known as Escherichia coli O157:H7) is a disease that is spread in many ways, the most common way being raw and uncooked food in the restaurant being served to the customer. Another way E.Coli is spread is through contact human/animal feces. E.Coli can be prevented, here are some ways to do so; Cook all meats to at least 160 degrees fahrenheit, wash your hands with warm water and soap (especially after touching raw meats), wash off all kitchen supplies thoroughly, use only pasteurized dairy and juice products, use/drink treated water, If you travel to another country that may have unsafe water don’t use tap or ice water, avoid raw fruits and veggies (Web MD).

Bacterial Meningitis affects the nervous system by causing inflammation of a trio of membranes known as the Meninges that are situated around the brain and spinal cord. It 's a disease that is slowly but surely being defeated worldwide with mortality rates falling from 464,000 deaths in 1990 to 303,000 in 2013[3]. Common symptoms throughout the period of an infection include; headaches, vomiting, fever, neck stiffness and an altered mental state. The severity of symptoms can depend on the species of bacteria that caused the infection. Due to recent medical advancements the rates of mortality have fallen considerably in the developed world, however meningitis is still prevalent in less economically developed countries. In this document I will be describing the various inner workings of the disease, but more specifically, it 's pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and preventative methods, furthermore I shall also be focusing more on the prevalence of the disease in the UK, as opposed to other locations. [1]

Meningococcal Meningitis is the inflammation of the protective coverings of brain and spinal cord called the meninges. Meningococcal Meningitis is caused by the Neisseria meningitidis bacteria (Theobald, M, 2014). There are five forms of meningitis, bacterial being the most fatal. The other form types are viral, parasitic, fungal, and non-infectious. Meningococcal Meningitis can also be caused by other bacterium called Streptococcus pneumoniae, group B Streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, and, Listeria monocytogenes (CDC, 2016). Without any treatment of meningitis, it can spread into the blood and cause sepsis--when chemicals released into the bloodstream to fight the infection, trigger inflammatory responses throughout the body. This inflammation can trigger a cascade of changes that can damage multiple organ systems, causing them to fail (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2016). Meningitis is usually caused as a secondary infection when it makes its way into the central nervous

5. Describe in detail the mode of action of this antibiotic and how it would be effective in treating the microbe causing bacterial meningitis. The mode of action would be to treat for 3 to 7 days of intravenous or intramuscular with penicillin or ceftriaxone. This can also be treated with other antibiotics such as chloramphenicol, meropenem and fluoroquinolones. A person is still infectious as long as menigococci is present in oral or respiratory secretions or if they have been on effective antibiotic treatments for 24

The bacterium is largely spread in nature and be present in soil, water and contaminated foods. Animals and fresh produce are prone to contamination in foul environment. How this affected Enterprise Food, is the factory workers were in the presence of the bacterium while they were producing the perishable, and from the above research listeriosis shows that it has the ability to affect the working environment through oxygen ‘inhaling’, and through quality checks when the quality in spectator test the product as for quality protocol by tasting the perishable meat. Infection of the bacterium can cause in mild to severe febrile gastroenteritis and in pregnant women, the bacterium can cause pregnancy loss. (National institute for communicable

Generally, it is used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and ear, lung, skin, and urinary tract infections. Ampicillin comes in three forms: capsule, liquid, and pediatric drops. Capsules should be kept at room temperature and not stored in bathrooms to avoid excessive heat and moisture. Ampicillin and penicillin are both beta-lactamase agents. This means they affect the formation of the bacterial cell wall, specifically the final step: binary fission. Ampicillin is different from penicillin because of an amino group. This amino group allows ampicillin to also be effective on gram-negative cell

The patient must be carefully monitored for signs of impending shock. When used as primary therapy for severe bubonic plague, the dosage of tetracycline is 40 to 50 mg/kg per day (in 4 equal doses) after a loading dose of 30 mg/kg. After the first 24 to 48 hours of therapy, the dosage of tetracycline can be reduced to the lower dose. Alternatively, doxycycline can be used in dosage of 2.2 mg/kg twice daily, up to a maximum dose of 100 mg twice daily. Levofloxacin should be given in a dosage of 10 mg/kg/dose IM or PO and Ciprofloxacin in a dosage of 15 mg/kg/dose twice daily IV or 20 mg/kg/dose every 12 hours PO. Chloramphenicol, a less desirable choice, is given at a dosage of 25 mg/kg every 6 hours IV with maximum daily dose of 4 g. Chloramphenicol is preferred only in the treatment of known or suspected plague meningitis or when treatment with tetracycline or aminoglycosides is contraindicated or unavailable. Nonspecific therapy is the same as that employed for patients with other forms of gram-negative sepsis and consists primarily of the treatment of shock, seizures, respiratory problems, and high fevers.

It works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis (8). Because of this resistance, clindamycin is usually only used in penicillin allergic patients. No interactions that would reduce efficacy of clindamycin or other medications exist (5).

Ampicillin is used to treat to Listeria monocytogenes meningitis. Within the age-group of this patient, the disease is only contracted by immunocompromised individuals, and there will usually be a history of ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products. Diagnosis is made by identifying motile gram-positive bacilli in a cold enrichment culture of the CSF. Other CSF findings include markedly elevated opening pressure (normal range being 70–180 mmH2O) up to 90,000 neutrophils/µL, decreased glucose (below 40 mg/dL), and increased proteins (above 40 mg/dL). An aminoglycoside may be added to the ampicillin treatment.

Listeria can greatly impact members of any community. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that groups within communities that are more at risk of becoming infected by Listeria are pregnant women, newborns, the elderly and individuals with weakened or compromised immune systems (CDC 1st, 2015). The most recent outbreak that received a substantial amount of media coverage was the outbreak linked to Blue Bell creameries products in February 2015. The Blue Bell investigation period per the CDC actually began in 2010. Although the outbreak investigation is over, the CDC explains consumers and retailers should remain vigilant because people could continue to become sick if they are unaware of the recall and consume any of