Literature Review : Benzene And Leukemia

Protecting the environment from toxic contaminants such as pesticide, herbicide, and other Solvents are vital to the survival of the inhabitants of the respective environment. This is important because such contaminants, when released into the environment can create devastating health problems such as cancer in humans. This paper will evaluate three of the many carcinogenic chemicals that have the propensity to cause cancer and other health problems. Therefore, the paper will evaluate Agent Orange, DDT, and Benzene.

Protecting the environment from toxic contaminants such as pesticide, herbicide and other Solvents are vital to the survival of the inhabitants of the respective environment. This is important because such contaminants, when released into the environment can create devastating health problems such as cancer in humans. This paper will evaluate three of the many carcinogenic chemicals that have the propensity to cause cancer and other health problems. Therefore, the paper will evaluate Agent Orange, DDT, and Benzene.

Explain the difference between the two classes of carcinogens: promoters and mutagens, and how they sometimes work together to increase the risk of cancer development. What is a complete carcinogen? How is the Ames test used?

This illustrates how children develop cancer from different types of carcinogenic and genes, this will be used in the introduction of my essay.

The chemical formula for benzyl chloride also known as a-chlorotoluene is C7H7CL. This chemical is a colourless liquid with a very pungent odor, has a melting point of -48 to -43 °C, and a boiling point of 179.4 °C. It has several health concerns such as eyes, nose, and throat irritation. If inhaled it could cause lung edema. The chemical can also spread to important organs such as your heart, stomach, lungs, muscles. It could also go into your bloodstream. Most importantly human data are considered in with the evidence of cancer by the exposure to benzyl chloride. This is because of the studies involving small numbers of cancer deaths and who were exposed to mixtures of chlorinated compounds. The production of benzyl chloride in the western

Cancer results from abnormal, unregulated cell growth which can create physiological impairments in body tissues (1). Two adverse characteristics of cancer cells include the ability to invade other tissues and the inability to die (2). Cells generally become cancerous due to changes in gene expression and subsequent errors in protein function (2). These faults in genes and physiology can be caused by mutations which can result from exposure to carcinogens. One of the most common substances associated with carcinogens (though not carcinogenic itself) that promotes cancerous growth is nicotine (3). Nicotine has been shown to stimulate growth, promote the creation of blood vessels (angiogenesis), and prevent cell death through nicotinic acetycholine receptors (nAChRs)(3). In mice, for example, nicotine increased levels of angiogenesis by altering mechanisms involved in a heightened response of the COX-2, prostacyclin, VEGFR-2, MMPs, uPA, and e-NOS protein activity (3). These increases in cell sensitivity to these particular factors stimulated by nicotine promoted cell growth and migration to other tissues (3).

Some of the pollutants released include: toluene, benzene, xylene and ethyl benzene, ground level ozone (also known as smog), nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and formaldehyde. Exposure to these pollutants are known to cause short-term illness, organ damage, nervous system disorders, cancer, birth defects and even death in some cases. Some of the cancer causing are this; Dioxin is formed when chlorine breaks down, and can be found in both water and air. Dioxins are known human carcinogens and endocrine disruptors. One dioxin has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a known human carcinogen. Organic solvents are a class of chemicals that includes chlorinated and other solvents, including toluene, methylene chloride, trichloroethylene and formaldehyde. Sources of exposure include outdoor and indoor air pollution, waste incineration, cleaning products and some cosmetics. They are also used in the manufacture of computer parts. Many pesticides that are included in the fluid, including herbicides and other pest-killing poisons, have been labeled as human or animal carcinogens. A report demonstrated that lifetime use of residential pesticides may be associated with an increase

EPA established a reference risk level for carcinogens of 1*10-4; it means that the risk associated with a health problem is the 1 in 10,000. It is assumed that a person exposed to the minimum carcinogenic dose of a chemical can develop cancer; therefore, we can calculate the minimum carcinogenic dose from equation (3) by using the reference risk level of 1*10-4 and cancer slope factor of each chemical; cancer slope factor defines the relationship between a specific chemical and the likelihood of developing a tumor after exposure to such a chemical and is used to predict cancer at a specific dose. To calculate the minimum carcinogenic dose, weight-of-evidence classifications and an average adult body weight of 70 kg are used. Weight-of-evidence classifications show the likelihood of a chemical to be a carcinogen. While the EPA uses letters A (carcinogenic to humans), B1 (likely to be carcinogenic; limited human evidence), B2 (likely to be carcinogenic; little or no human evidence), C (possibly carcinogenic; little animal evidence), D (not classifiable), and E (evidence of no carcinogenic effects), Forman (1993) quantified weight-of-evidence and assigned likelihood values to each letter: A = 1.00, B1 = 0.84, B2 = 0.67, C-B2 = 0.51, and C = 0.34. The following equation can be used to calculate hazard dose of a

One chemical agent that results in cancer is ethanol, or alcohol. Alcohol is one of the most prevalent drug choices nationwide. The effects of alcohol differ with each individual person. It depends on age, gender, percent body fat, and the rate of metabolism (). A few of the cancers that alcohol can cause include oral, colorectal, breast, and liver.

“The Emperor of All Maladies” captured the whole essence of cancer. This book gave a very good narrative of the historical record of cancer, the scientists and important public figures who contributed to the fight against a disease that has so much caused despair, pain, disfiguring of the body and worst of all, death. Cancer is seen as the abnormal growth of cells. A normal cell becomes cancerous when there is a defect in the regulation of its growth. Cancerous cells also tend to be elusive and resistant to treatments. Numerous attempts have been channeled into demystifying the nature of cancer. Some of these attempts proved abortive while a few served as a harbinger of hope. Cancer have proved to be part of our genetic makeup, hence, total eradication of it remains a future accomplishment.

Benzene, a leading cause of cancer, is among the most used and most dangerous chemicals across the globe. It's used for the creation of many materials such as rubbers, plastics, pesticides, lubricants and much more. When swallowed or inhaled, benzene has been discovered to be the common cause of a variety of tumors. Breathing in high levels of benzene can have a great impact on the nervous system and may lead to headaches, confusion, dizziness, and sometimes

1. The number one source of human exposure to Benzene is from cigarettes smoke, a lesser exposure is through crude oil and gasoline. The routes of human adsorption to benzene are mainly inhaling cigarette smoke, as well as gasoline or crude oil odors. Adsorption of Benzene through the skin is another possible route, but not as prominent as inhalation.

In this generation of American society, there is a great emphasis on living a healthy lifestyle from factors such as diet and exercise. Yet today many of the products that Americans use and consume are full of cancer causing agents. In a society where there is a vast amount of research conducted and strict regulations, many daily used products are like a time bomb ready to explode. One-third of all people will develop cancer in our lifetime and one-fourth will die from this disease. Many cancers are due to preventable revelations to industrialized carcinogens and toxins in the food people eat, and household products and cosmetics people use daily.

Jack woke up one morning not feeling well. He felt very weak and could not get out of bed. His mother decided to take him to the doctors. The doctors took many tests to figure out what was making him feel that way. After about an hour or two the doctors got the results back from a blood test. Results that would change Jack’s childhood for the worse. Jack has been diagnosed with Leukemia, a blood cancer. Of course, Jack was not sure what that meant but, his parents became worried beyond belief with the long road ahead of them. Scientists and researchers were all involved in the discovery of Leukemia cancer, which increased knowledge of this cancer, decreased deaths and discovered treatments, and started charity groups to fund research.

The most important environmental impact of benzopyrene is its significant accumulation in organisms exposed to it. Aquatic and marine organisms will also concentrate it. In water, benzopyrene attaches strongly to sediments and any other solid matter. Then it is released to soils and tends to bind very strongly to the soils particles, but only small amounts can leach to groundwaters. Benzopyrene is stable and can remain and move in the environment for a long period of time. it is a Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP). Release of Benzopyrene therefore causes concern at a global environmental level as well as on a local scale.