Literature Review Of Related Literature About Banana Leaves

vulgaris plants, via the formation of a standard curve prepared using varying concentrations of bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution. Following absorbance readings of the various BSA solutions, they were plotted against their concentrations providing an indirect measure for determining protein concentrations of the plant samples within the assay tubes, and through further calculations the sample protein concentration. The mean protein concentration for the control group was calculated to be 3.34 ± 1.30 mg/mL, while the mean treated group concentration was 2.01 ± 1.26 mg/mL. These results similarly like the chlorophyll results correlate with the literature articles, as a reduced protein content within the Paraquat treated plants can be expected to some extent (Chia et al., 1981). This reduction in protein concentration is the result of those superoxide anions produced by Paraquat, disrupting the chloroplast membranes and allowing for intracellular components including some proteins to leak out, hence the decrease in protein concentration in comparison to the non-treated plants (Qian et al., 2009). A slight outlier may exist within the treated groups protein concentrations as one of the groups provided a negative value for protein concentration which is not valid, but even after exclusion of that data value, results are still supportive of the expected outcome. Though these results support the claim of Paraquat toxicity causing membrane deterioration and leakiness, protein concentration values are rather more purposeful when used to analyze malondialdehyde (MDA) values on per mg of protein

About a million tons of paper are used every day around the world and 93% of it comes from trees. Half of municipal waste is paper. About 20,000,000 trees are cut annually. (Mittal, 2009) Trees are very important to the environment, cutting them is affecting the environment negatively. In a year for this task alone, we print a total of 2,700 pages of paper. 8 trees of 8-inch diameter and 45 feet produce 1,000 to 2,000 pounds of paper. 500 sheets of paper weights 5 pounds, which is about 1,000 to 2,000 sheets per tree. By saving 2,700 sheets of paper a year we will be saving a tree. (Schildgen,

The biggest source of waste is paper, every time a letter is opened, the envelope is thrown away, and when printing goes wrong the paper is thrown away. Ink cartridges from printers and photocopiers are thrown away when empty, as are multiple pens when they run out of ink.

In addition, there exist some environmental risks related to producing landfill. Even though the Australian Federal Government is not offering incentives to repurpose waste, some communities and State and Local governments are offering incentives for this practice. The main purpose of this is to avoid the disposing of waste in landfills, due to the fact that it requires so much time, energy and space, injuring our planet's health (McCabe,

University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. E J H Corner, 2002. The Life of Plants. University of Chicago Press,

Paper recycling, on the other hand has been around for much longer. Pulp and paper plants in Canada have been using recycled material for more than 60 years (Bourdages, 1993, para. 4). One of the most obvious environmental benefits of using recycled paper materials, is that it will help to reduce the amount of trees being cut down for production of new paper. Overall, it is evident that there is an established recycling effort in Canada, featuring both positive and negative aspects.

To began, composting would not only reduce the amount of food in landfills, it would also reduce methane gas. Methane in landfills is produced because of lack of oxygen that reaches the decomposing waste. But when composting is done correctly, methane production is much smaller. In order to correctly compost, food scraps must be turned on a semi-regular basis as well as be lightly watered and the food waste (an organic material) must be mixed with a carbon-based material (paper or wood chips) in order for it to

Currently, landfills are responsible for 15 million tonnes of C02 in our atmosphere each year. When garbage decomposes, it creates methane and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This contributes to greenhouse gasses and damages the ozone layer. Landfills take up space, as well as being dangerous and toxic. Rubbish that ends up in our oceans can cause harm to our marine life and poison our water.

Each leaf was measured for its surface area, length-to-width ratio, mass, specific leaf mass, and color. Surface area was measured by a leaf area meter in squared centimeters. Length-to-width ratio was measured by measuring the length (vertically along the bridge of the leaf) and the width (horizontally on the widest part of the leaf) with a ruler in centimeters, and dividing the length by the width. Mass was calculated by a balance in grams. Specific leaf mass (thickness) was measured by dividing the mass by its surface area in grams per squared centimeter. Color was measured by having three reference leaves provided by the instructor, indicating light (L), medium (M), and dark (D) leaves and compared our collected leaves.

Global leaders are making a turn toward sustainability and thus lessening their carbon footprint on the environment. One such company which has joined in the global change toward sustainability is International Paper Company. Paper companies have long been criticized for the harm done to the environment. Environmentalists have criticized paper companies for years because of the pollution from their manufacturing

The pulp and paper industry is the 3rd largest industrial polluter – 220 million pounds of toxic pollution into air and

The benefit of recycling on the environment is endless even if you are just recycling paper products it can be beneficial. According to a website on recycling paper and other products recycling a single run of the Sunday “New York Times” would save seventy five thousand trees. The amount of wasted land that is left behind by those seventy thousand trees. could have been a strong environment that was destroyed just for a single run of the “New York Times”. According to the same source recycling plastic saves twice as much energy as burning it in an incinerator. This energy used to burn the plastic is payed by the American people’s tax dollar that money could be saved by you just by simpling recycling. In the same source it says that approximately one billion trees worth of paper are thrown away every year in the United States this paper thrown away is sent to these giant landfills and cost millions of dollars to dispose of as where if it was recycled we could save money by not having to pay for the paper sent to landfill and save money by not having to have it burned down or stored. The average American uses eighty five million tons of paper a year; about six hundred and eighty pounds per person according to the source earlier

Intro: Imagine a whole forest being cut down just to store our garbage. This can be stopped if we recycle. Deforestation is a major issue today. This is because man is using natural resources to fulfill his needs. The increase of these demands has led to increasing levels of destruction of our natural resources. These resources being limited, a day would probably arrive when we don't really have anything to turn towards. Think about all the trees that are being axed in the forests today. Our habits of wasting paper could be one of the million reasons that contribute

A worker at a paper factory in Illinois states, “Then the issue was saving a tree. But trees are replaced. We plant them, we cut them, we plant them again” (Pendleton). The worker also said, “The problem now is the landfill situation, I think this one is going to stick” (Pendleton). By 1991 thirty-nine states and hundreds of local governments have passed laws or solutions requiring the purchase of recycled paper. According to Henry Miller, vice president of a paper mill said, “By volume, thirty-eight percent of solid waste in a landfill is paper and cardboard” (Pendleton). That paper and cardboard, if recycled could have produced that much paper or other products and it would have cleared up thirty-eight percent of many landfills across America. One major way to get people involved with recycling is the environment perspective. Not only would the landfills be cut down the environment gains a lot by having people recycle. So what do the states do to keep the environment clean? They enact laws against litter and waste. One way is the state requiring the deposit on beer and soft-drink bottles and cans (Prichard 8A). In those states, millions of bottles and cans that once were left on beaches, tossed in rivers and parks or thrown along the highways are being taken back to stores instead for a refund. A twenty-year old student from Michigan said, “Throwing away cans is like throwing away money to me” (Prichard 8A). These state laws must be working if people have this

The destruction of forests can be extremely detrimental to plant life and animal habitats. The acceleration of global warming is one byproduct of eliminating forestry. The production of paper can also lead to adverse effects in our water supply. Large amounts of water are used in paper production, which leads to the lowering of water levels that threaten the fish population. Gases (such as those formed by Greenhouses) are emitted into the atmosphere everyday due to the huge consumption of oil and electricity. A poisonous chemical, such as chlorine, used in the bleaching process is added to help whiten paper and is released into our environment (e.g., Hoekstra et al., 2010. p.247).