Literature Review On Epistemology

b) ESOP’s: Incentives that allow the employees to buy the share of the firm they are working at lower rates which creates the sense of ownership.

The term ontology is derived from the Greek word, with “onto” meaning “being”, and “logos” usually interpreted as “science”; so that ontology, as customarily understood, is the science or study of being (Lawson, 2004). Also, ontology is a branch of metaphysics concerned with the nature and relations of

The aim of this essay is to carry out a research on why black people are more likely to be stop and search than a white or Asian. The assignment will be using literature explore the logic behind stop and search in the country and analyze the power police have when they are undertaking stop and search. This essay will be utilising the epistemology approach to find out the true about stop and search and determine limitation of knowledge. The essay going to be looking at ethical issues that would need to take into consider when carrying out a research on stop and search the reason why you need to have ethical consideration as researcher. This paper will be inspecting practical issue that are involve when performing a stop and search research project. The paper will be using quantitative method to measure how many people are affected by stop and search and who disagree with the power of the police. The quantitative method will give an overall statistic on how many people experience stops and search in

28). Every aspect of the research process is influenced by epistemology, it guides the researcher in justifying the research methods (Carter & Little, 2007; Kramer-Kile, 2012), as it is asking what is knowledge, and how can that knowledge be acquired.

“Firms where employees hold a large fraction of stock are more impervious to hostile takeovers, as employees and managers may otherwise fear loss of pay and jobs in such a circumstance. However, threats of takeovers are also a market mechanism that may keep the principal-agent problem under control and both takeover threats and actual takeovers may lead to a more efficient company. Reducing takeovers may be advantageous for managers and workers but may not be desirable socially.” The tax preferences encouraging ESOP formation and contributions can also result in a decline in R&D spending. It is vital our U.S. tax policies do not distort economic

There are two types of epistemology: Theoretical and Normative. Theoretical epistemology is the study of what evidence we truly have for whatever theories we actually hold. Normative epistemology is the study of how to adjust our theories in order most effectively to anticipate sensory stimulation. Kim argues that the field of study of epistemology should be narrative and therefore must assign conditions for justification and knowledge and must determine whether a belief is justified and whether a belief can be considered knowledge.

Research paradigms are ‘the entire constellation of beliefs, values, techniques, and so on shared by members of a given community’ (Kuhn, 1970, p.175). The three most common paradigms are positivism, constructivism or interpretivism and pragmatism. Each of these can be categorised further by examining their: ontology, epistemology and methodology. Fundamentally, ontology is the nature of reality, epistemology describes the relationship the investigator has with their version of reality, and methodology is the various techniques and tools used to analysis their research.

Research methodology and methodological approaches that is, the structured process of conducting research and the overall concepts and theories which underpin research respectively (Bryman, 2008), occupy a central position in the research process as they are both shaped by and translate the researcher’s epistemological position. Epistemology then refers to a researcher’s philosophical stance about the nature, derivation and scope of knowledge (Gilbert, 2008). These positions are seldom ‘spelt out’ but rather understood in the matter of research methodology and approach (Sarantakos, 2005).

Talking about rationalism requires knowing first what is “Epistemology” or “theory of knowledge? Epistemology is a branch in philosophy that studies the nature of knowledge. Rationalism is an epistemological theory, so rationalism can be interpreted the distinct aspects or parts of the mind that are separate senses. The distinctive aspects can be identified as human abilities to engage in mathematics and intellectual reasoning. The knowledge the distinctive aspects provide is seen as separate from any exogenous factor. Two of the Philosophers who were rationalist were Plato and Descartes, whom I will tackle their view of rationalism in this paper. Philosophers who oppose rationalism are identified as “empiricist”, and their motto is that

71). It is believed that profit-sharing really helps build assets in various ways and employees desire to feel as if they are being sufficiently compensated for the function they are accomplishing for the organization. According to research developed in the case study, it can be in the company’s greatest interest to assist employees in building assets, because personnel were more expected to finish out the year if they understood it would guarantee them a bonus (Contemporary issues in human resource management: Case Studies, 2011, pg. 74). Likewise, the analysis discovered personnel would be encouraged to work harder if they anticipated a profit on their efforts by warranting bonuses that amplified in relation to their efficiency (Contemporary issues in human resource management: Case Studies, 2011, pg. 74).

As we have discussed many times in class, an ethical issue is an issue that focuses on whether an action is morally right or wrong. Epistemic issues focus on how we know that certain facts are true or how we know what is possible. An example of an epistemic issue could be "how do we know that God is real?". This would be an epistemic question because it inquires about our knowledge and how we have come to that conclusion. An ethical issue could be, "how should we respond to humanitarian issues in foreign countries?". This can be considered an ethical issue because it asks what would be considered a moral decision in a certain situation.

Examine the advantages and disadvantages of using both positivist and interpretivist methods of research (20)

The social science paradigm also known as Post positivism consists of testing hypothesis and research questions that are developed through reasoning. This is done through measurements and observation. Social scientists aspire to science and they seek to study human behaviour, interaction and thought in an organized way; which we can then measure, generalize and replicate. Like any research, post-positivism needs to be backed up by evidence. When a social science research sets out a research project, it is their goal to find evidence that can either agree or disagree with the hypothesis or theories. Post positivism, compared to positivism allows more interaction with the participants of the research project and seeks to highlight the relationship between universal properties between the variables. The best way to understand post positivism is by comparing it to positivism and the interpretive paradigm. Compared to positivism, post positivism is more tolerant for value-based information, however is not focused on qualitative information like the interpretive paradigm, instead the research is mainly focused on quantitative data.

Positivism is a rigorous and formal way to collect and analyze data that was developed around the 1960’s by Auguste Comte (1798-1857) who is also credited with formalizing it. Studies are clear and straight forward and researchers believe that there is only one method that all sciences should rely on. Positivism believes

Infosys provides strong property rights to its employees by providing employee stock option plans. Top management were given profit sharing plans based on the company performance as an incentives. ESOP’s usually guarantee long term employment. But later Infosys withdrew the stock options plan due to various complexities and accounting challenges.