Literature Review On Lung Cancer

What are lung cancers? Lung cancers are the abnormal cells which grow in uncontrolled manner in one or both lungs. They do not function as normal lung cells and do not develop into healthy lung tissue. The abnormal cells can grow, form tumours and interfere with the normal functions of the lung (Lungcancer.org, 2015). Lung cancers can be divided into two major types, namely non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancers (SCLC). NSCLC can be further classified into three main subtypes, namely adenocarcinoma, squamous-cell carcinoma and large-cell carcinoma (Longo & Harrison, 2012). Lung cancers can be diagnosed by chest X-ray, computerised tomography (CT) scan, positron emission tomography-computerised tomography (PET-CT) scan, bronchoscopy and biopsy (Nhs.uk, 2015). Unfortunately, lung cancers are often diagnosed at the later stages. This is due to the unrecognisable symptoms and warning signs at the earlier stages. NSCLC are often diagnosed at stage IV which accounts for 30-40% of cases whereas 60% of SCLC is diagnosed at stage IV. Lung cancer usually originates from the cells lining the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. Carcinogens especially tobacco smoke will alter the gene expression of the normal human lung cells, resulting in cell mutation. The proto-oncogenes will be converted to mutated form, oncogenes. Mutation leads to the decreased expression of the tumour suppressor genes. This results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, cell

Lung cancer takes many years to develop. The characteristics of lung cancer the same as any type of cancer but it effects the lungs. Lung cancer is caused by expose to carcinogens

Lung Cancer, like any other type of cancer, is the uncontrollable growth of cells in the lung tissue. The main causes that contribute to lung cancer include inhaling carcinogens (basically, smoking), exposure to ionizing radiation, viral infections and even air pollution. These factors basically damage the tissues lining the bronchi in the lung, leading the cancer to develop further (Vaporciyan & Nesbitt JC, 2000). Primary lung cancers that develop in the epithelial tissues of the lung are known as carcinomas and claim the top spot in terms of leading cancer-related death causes. As of 2004, lung cancer

The leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in the United States and worldwide is lung cancer. Lung cancer is responsible for thirty percent of cancer deaths in the United States. The deaths caused by breast cancer, colon cancer and prostate cancer combined do not add up to the deaths that lung cancer causes. In 2007, 158,683 people, 88,243 men and 70,354 women died from lung cancer in the United States (Eldridge, 2012). Out of the 158,683 people that died from lung cancer in 2007, 135,000 of them died of lung cancer caused by smoking cigarettes. The overall survival rate of those with lung cancer is at about fifteen percent.

The above-mentioned types of Euthanasia can be further divided into two more major parts: Active and Passive Euthanasia. The hastening of the death of a person by active procedures such as deliberately overdosing on a medicine is known as Active Euthanasia. On the other hand, Passive Euthanasia is when death to a patient is brought by an omission. It is when the treatment necessary for the continuance of life is brought to an end. For example, ventilators or life support

In the article, "Mitosis Can Drive Cell Cannibalism Through Entosis", Joanne Durgen (et al.) suggests that cell division may cause living cells to engulf each other by invading another living cell. Although the word "cannibalism" sounds terrible, cell-eating-cell is very descriptive of what happens in this process and is shown that it may be beneficial in limiting tumor growth. Briefing over where entosis is found and what it does, what proteins regulate the entosis process, and possible beneficial characteristics in human cancer and chemotherapy in this article may give a better understanding of this microscopic process.

Lung cancer is a tumor that affects either one or both of the lungs.A primary cancer begins in the lungs and a secondary cancer begins in another place in the body and makes its way up towards the lungs. Lung cancer is the 5th most common cancer. In Australia 59% of males were diagnosed were as 41% of Australian females were diagnosed.

According to a paper published by the Center for Diseases and Control, Lung Cancer has the highest mortality rate in the US than any other cancer type. In 2011, about 156,953 people died from the disease as about 207,000 cases of ailing lung cancer patients were diagnosed that year. This number is set to see an increase over the years if adequate care in research is not given .Song described Lung cancer, as Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) with the former being responsible for about 85% of diagnosis cases and deaths reported each year. The most common types of NSCLC include adenocarcinomas, large cell carcinomas, and squamous cell carcinomas and as expected, most of these NSCLC types are related to smoking. However, adenocarcinomas have been found in patients who never smoked. Common but inadequate ways of NSCLC treatment include surgery, radiation therapy , and chemotherapy (Witschi , 2001) but the most effective form of NSCLC treatment has been known to be targeted therapies (Nguyen et al. , 2011) . This research invention has taken cancer treatment to another level because of the specificity of the drug inhibitors used to target carcinomas, or protein kinases that involve in pathways of the cancer. Adequate research has led to efficient modifications to use of targeted-therapies for specific fusion genes that code for oncogenes and kinesin genes i.e the Kinesin Family 5B gene and the RET (Rearranged during Transcription). Song also

Within the five manners of death used in forensic pathology to describe the circumstances of a death two stand out to me the most. Homicide and natural death, I've always had an interest in homicide after taking the criminal justice course crime in america with a homicide detective I learned a lot of things I didn't know. Homicide is described as the deliberate and unlawful killing of one person by another person. Homicide is sometimes used synonymously with murder, homicide is broader in scope than murder. Murder is a form of criminal homicide; other forms of homicide might not constitute criminal acts. These homicides are regarded as justified or excusable. For example, individuals may, in a necessary act of Self-Defense, kill a person who

No matter what the cause, lung cancer is a very serious thing. Research shows that it takes several mutations for a lung cancer cell to form. However when the lung cancer cell does form, it begins dividing out of control, causing the divisions to have the same error in DNA. As the mutations continue, the lung tissue starts to no longer be able to carry out its function properly. In some cases, the cancer cells will then spread to other parts of the body, therefore spreading the cancer.

Cancer can be one of the hardest battles that one must face, whether that battle is lost or won, it changes the lives of everyone involved. Lung cancer is one of the most diagnosed cancers and it affects the lining of the lungs and the ability to breathe. Lung cancer is the number one killer of men and women than any other cancer worldwide. This cancer is mostly found in smokers and this is why professionals are targeting this population for testing for diagnosing early and possibly saving a life (www.ncb.nlm.nih.gov). Lung cancer refers to the malignancies that originate in the airways or pulmonary parenchyma.

Cancer is one of the most common lethal diseases in the medical field. Cancer is a group of cells in any part of the body that grows abnormally. Cancer in the lungs causes many vital functions to be extremely no help, or negligible altogether (Mayo Clinic Staff). Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States, among both men and women. The Mayo Clinic states, “Lung cancer claims more lives each year than do colon, prostate, ovarian and breast cancers combined” (Mayo Clinic Staff). People who smoke or have smoked for a long period of time have the greatest risk of developing cancer within the lungs. Lung cancer’s risk is directly proportional to time using cigarettes and number of cigarettes that have been smoked (Mayo Clinic Staff).

A form of cell death in which a programmed sequence of events leads to the elimination of cells without releasing harmful substances into the surrounding area. I would believe that this is a good thing, this kills cells that are unneeded or dangerous to the body. Cells that are dangerous to the body do need to die.

According to the US Department of Health and Services, More than 380,000 12-to-13-year-olds and almost four million 14-to-17-year-olds have smoked cigarettes at least once (Johnston, 2014, p.1). He also explained that the numbers of smokers between cigarettes, hookahs. E-cigarettes are increasing in the past few years between adults and teenagers (Johnston, 2014, p.3). I'm also concerned because my dad and my three brothers smoke more than 2 packs of cigarettes a day. Now let's discuss the causes of lung cancer.

1. Medical terminology definition – cancer of a highly malignant form that affects the lungs.