Literature Review On Menopause

Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder known for severe persistent mood instabilities between mania and depression, . It causes unusual changes in mood, energy, and activity levels which makes ability to perform daily tasks very hard. (Concepts Advisory Panel [CAP], 2015). BPD affects more than 2.3 million adult Americans, or 1% of the population. (Guo, Patel, Li, & Keck 2010). There are four basic types of bipolar spectrum; All of them involve clear change in the mood energy, and activity levels (CAP,2015). These mood incidences’ ranges from periods of extremely high and energized behavior known as Manic episodes to very sad, or hopeless periods known as depressive episodes. Bipolar I disorder, the client has at least one episode of manic followed by major depression. Bipolar II disorder, the client has one or more hypomanic and major depressive episodes, the other not so severe and less diagnoses type of Bipolar is chronic mood disorder that lasts more two years with combination of hypomania and dysthymia. (CAP,2015). This paper will go into, Bipolar I, Manic episodes, the pathophysiology, Sign and symptoms, treatments, comorbidity, nursing intervention and nursing and patient therapeutic relationship.

Heat characteristic of this period occur because decreased levels of estrogen affects the thermoregulatory center, the brain region responsible for regulating the body temperature. It detonates a true thermal runaway. More than a torment, the arrival of hot flushes should be seen as a warning. Victims of hot flashes will go through the menopause. This could be the end of menstruation and childbearing life. The hot flashes and other symptoms can remain for up to five years after menopause. Some women, however, go through menopause without feeling any discomfort, especially those who have healthy life. However, most are not only affected by heat waves. You can also experience decreased libido, vaginal dryness caused by, and failures in memory, fatigue, irritability, insomnia, anxiety

Many women start wondering when menopause will hit because they can’t take the pain of their monthly period. Other women want to stay abreast of the menopause clock because they are still trying to have children. Menopause, of the stopping of the menstrual cycle, can occur in a women who are as early as 40. Such women can see symptoms in their 30s, as well.

Navigating menopause doesn’t have to be a horrible experience. When you have a team like North Coast OB/GYN on your side, you have access to a group of professionals who understand the ins and outs of managing hormonal balances. Even if you’re not in the Elyria, OH, area, or a patient of North Coast OB/GYN, these 3 tips for managing menopause related hormone shifts can make all the difference:

No woman's experience of menopause is the same, but most experience it between the ages of 40 and 58 and are able to confirm it after having missed a period for twelve consecutive months. Perimenopause, however, begins years before the final menstrual period and is usually the phase during which the physical changes start. The symptoms that women experience, which vary greatly per individual, are primarily the result of lowered production of estrogen and progesterone. Missed or irregular periods is a very common symptom of menopause and may be accompanied by one, or possibly all, of the following: hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, mood changes, sleep problems, weight gain and slowed metabolism, thinning hair and dry skin, loss of

Is Male Menopause, fact or fiction? Female Menopause has been well established but Male Menopause hasn’t. Males are experiencing the same symptoms as Female menopause,but “is it defined as menopause?” is the big question.

Women cannot avoid menopause especially between the ages 50-51. Some women begin to experience menopause symptoms between late 30s and 40s.

One of the most common age-associated changes in the female body is menopause, namely the discontinuation of menstrual periods (Ferrini & Ferrini, 2013). Although, this change is the result of the gradual decline in the production of the hormone estradiol, menopause has also been linked with a drop in testosterone levels as well. Contrary to popular beliefs that testosterone is only produced by the male gonads, this specific hormone is also produced in the female reproductive and endocrine systems, but in relatively small amounts as compared to men (Rathus et al., 2013). According to an article by Schwenkhagen (2007) testosterone is produced as a result of the conversion of another hormone known as DHEA which is secreted by the adrenal glands

Menopause is a normal life event that every woman will experience if she does not die prematurely (Buttaro, Trybulski, Bailey and Sandberg-Cook, 2013). The experience begins as perimenopause, with 10-15 years of declining fertility followed by twelve consecutive months without menses, thereby officially closing as menopause. Marnocha, Bergstrom and Dempsey (2011) conducted a study looking at the lived experience of perimenopause and menopause. They identified that some woman viewed perimenopause and menopause as a disease or illness (medicalization) while others considered them to be a rite of passage through life (transitions theory) which they considered normal (Marnocha, et. al. 2011).

Menopause is defined as the point after not having a menstrual cycle for a complete year (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015). Perimenopause occurs around the time of menopause, where a woman may not have a regular cycle every month leading up to menopause (Stoppler & Shiel, 2014). Surgical menopause occurs after a woman has an oophorectomy, removal of the ovaries, or a hysterectomy, removal of the ovaries and uterus (Stoppler & Shiel, 2014). In surgical menopause, there is no perimenopause and a woman may or may not have menopause symptoms, depending on the type of surgery (Stoppler & Shiel, 2014). Stress menopause is when menopause is induced by stress and stressful events around the time of perimenopause have an impact on emotional symptoms of menopause (Stoppler & Shiel, 2014). Post-menopause is referred to the point in a women’s life after she has gone through menopause (Stoppler & Shiel, 2014).

Menopause is a significant event in most women’s lives as it marks the end of the natural reproductive life. For most women, menopause will occur between the ages of 40 and 58 years with the average being 51 years (Zapantis & Santoro, 2003). The timing of menopause globally is relatively constant, however both the nature and severity of symptoms varies substantially between women from different ethnicities and geographical locations for reasons that are not completely understood (Roberts & Hickey, 2016). The Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop +10 (Harlow et al., 2012) classifies the transition through menopause into five stages which are discussed below.

Since the term “menopause” refers to the cessation of a woman's menstruation cycle, the symptoms that occur prior to this are referred to as “peri-menopause.” The symptoms begin a few years before the end point, and they are uncomfortable to say the least. Hot flashes, mood-swings, weight gain, and trouble sleeping are just a few of them. They are caused by the sudden decrease in the production of progesterone and estrogen in the body, which are the most predominant amount of hormones that a woman has. The more that the hormone levels drop, the worse that the

The Women’s Health Initiative has recently forced practitioners to reconsider their options for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in postmenopausal women (1). The risk of CVDs increases after menopause, which may be related to substantial metabolic changes that occur as women transition from premenopause to postmenopause. In many women, features of the metabolic syndrome (abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia) emerge with estrogen deficiency. Furthermore, it is also well-known that concentration of blood homocysteine (Hcy) is an independent risk factor for CVD. Total homocysteine (tHcy) is higher in postmenopausal than that in premenopausal women (2). Although hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) looks to decrease

The vast majority of research related to menopause and menopausal experiences hones in on the female perspectives. While prior research extensively explored women’s understanding and experience of menopause, there exposed a dearth of research speaking to men’s views on the subject. Inductively, investigators approached the interview material surrounding menopause expectant and hopeful for emergent ideas instead of affirming previous assumptions (Liao, Lunn, & Baker, 2014).

Being a man takes a lot of pressure as well as physical challenges. Men can bear any sort of pressure or works that demands physical stamina but at a certain age, these traits are gradually going towards the decline phase. In women menopause is a very popular term which occurs at a certain age where the secretion of hormones almost stops and a woman cannot bear any child in her uterus due to the absent of hormones that induce pregnancy or sexual feelings. Similarly in men, Testosterone is the main hormone that is responsible for many masculine traits such as facial hair, deep husky voice and a strong physique. Andropause is same as menopause but it specifically occurs in male. When this phase begins it brings a reduction in certain hormones