Literature Review

Case Background: - In transportation industry, one of the biggest challenge is how to deal with carbon dioxide emissions and how to reduce the energy. According to the Natural Resources Canada, one third of the greenhouse emission is because of transportation industry.

Three quarters of emissions in 2004 were coming from road traffic (Woodcock, p.1930, 2009). Emissions used from transportation are forecasted to increase from the year 2007-2030 by about 80% according to studies done by James Woodcock who is currently studying climate change and health from car fuels (Woodcock, p.1930, 2009). This is due to the fact that the emissions from vehicles are increasing significantly and are higher than any other energy fragment (Woodcock, p.1930, 2009). The only way to lower this percentage is to decrease the number of individual automobiles on the road and increase the number of public transit systems, starting long distance walking to work or school, carpooling or even biking to destinations. These principles would

With a declining or no use of cars can result in the reduction of pollution quite tremendously. They can by reducing the greenhouse effect. As the author reports in the article, “In German Suburb Life Goes On Without Care” by Elisabeth Rosenthal, “Passenger cars are responsible for 12 percent of greenhouse gas emissions in Europe… and up to 50 percent in some car-intensive areas in the United States.” Therefore, with cars being a leading factor of greenhouse gas emissions, reducing their usage would have a positive effect on the environment. After days of near-record pollution,

The second largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States is related to transportation, the burning of oil to produce energy in a combustion motor. The combustion process inside of engines is what produces the carbon matter that is emitted into the air through the exhaust system on gas-powered vehicles. Gas-powered transportation is accountable for 24 percent of the global carbon emissions; this should not come as much of a surprise given the amount of urban sprawl that is being seen in the United States and across the globe. In the past decade, the Environmental Protection Agency, the United States government, and major car manufacturers have been working in conjunction to find ways to provide a “greener” form of transportation (EPA, 2011). This has included testing the use of hydropower, ethanol, natural gas, biodiesel, and electricity as a means of powering vehicles, which has led to the introduction of hybrid vehicles. Hybrid vehicles run on electricity and gasoline, the byproduct of oil that is generally used in the engine combustion process of vehicles (U.S. Department of

This increase in cars is also not profitable for the Texas environment. “Highway vehicles account for about 40 percent of NOx and 15 percent of VOCs in the United States, according to EPA figures. But power plants, factories, oil refineries, and other industrial facilities are big contributors too” (Hopkins, 2015). An increase in the number of cars will cause and increase in pollution. Also, adding more power plants and oil refineries add to the damage of the environment which assists in the creation of smog.

A Peer-reviewed journal, Estimation of Carbon Footprint of Fuel Loss Due to Idling of Vehicles at Signalised Intersection in Delhi confirmed my concerns relating to carbon emissions whilst idling in traffic congestion by providing the calculation of the amount of carbon emissions produced by average car using petrol. CO2 emissions from a gallon of gasoline = 2,421 grams x 0.99 x (44/12) = 8,788 grams = 8.8 kg/gallon = 19.4 pounds/gallon or litre equivalent CO2 emissions from a gallon of diesel = 2,778 grams x 0.99 x (44/12) = 10,084 grams = 10.1 kg/gallon = 22.2 pounds/gallon or litre equivalent (Bhandaria, Paridab, and Singh 2013).

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the challenges in providing quality care to the elderly. I will conduct an evidenced-based literature review addressing quality improvement initiatives and programs for older adults. Following the literature review, I will describe barriers and solutions of quality programs and initiatives for older adults. Lastly, I will identify the future impact on nursing care of older adults resulting from this experience.

In this lab report three vehicles are compared based on total fuel consumption, CO2 emissions, and the approximate number of trees required to offset these emissions for a trip from Halifax to Vancouver. The three vehicles are a Bluesky model E-1010 aircraft, a generic four- passenger sedan car, and a generic 7- passenger van. The objective of this lab is to determine which vehicle has the most positive impact on the environment.

Even if a vehicle can realistically maintain the doubled MPG standard, it is touted to save 2 million oil barrels per day or 84 million gallons per day. However, this only accounts for only a conservative 25% of the total 8.774 million barrels or 368 million gallons of gasoline consumed per day (USDOE). At the heart of this law is the cutting of 6 billion metric tons of harmful greenhouse gases over the lifetime of the program. Some may state that any decrease in greenhouse gases is a step forward. Either way, the typical passenger vehicle emits 4.7 million metric tons of harmful greenhouse gases per year (Greenhouse gas emissions). Considering the overall benefit of cutting out 6 billion metric tons, it is equivalent to taking 1,276 passenger vehicles off of the road. According to the USDOT, there were 253,639,386 registered vehicles on the road in 2012, which would reduce the amount of vehicles on the road by .0004% by the end of this

Information and communication technology has been adopted and implemented within various sectors of the economy. This is attributed to the benefits of technology in facilitating organizational activities and processes and its use in meeting the changes which characterize the modern society. The health sector is one of the industries which have significantly implemented technology. The health sector’s technological applications have been achieved within health information systems. The implementation of technology in this sector has resulted into both positive and negative implications on health

Environmental concerns have been raised from time to time because of the dependency on the gasoline-fueled engine as the chief auto powertrain technology. This has resulted in exposing many automobile users to unpredictable prices of fuel. These issues were, however, the reason for

The transport sector is one of the main global consumers of fossil fuel related energy in the world. Unfortunately fossil fuel is non-renewable source of energy and the production of oil has been fluctuating in the recent past. At the same time, combustion of petroleum related fuel release greenhouse gases such as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide that destroy the ozone layer and result to further environmental degradation. Therefore to work

Sustainability is of vital importance because anything we decide to do as a society will definitely have positively or negatively impact on the natural environment. When unsustainable action continues, they can harm the human existence by creating greenhouse gases that causes climate change, depleting natural resources that are needed for future energy and infrastructure, and polluting the air, soil, and water on which humans depends on for existence. We must change the way we procure materials, construct infrastructure and conduct our daily activates in other for these impacts to reduce (FHWA 2013). The benefits of sustainability in road maintenance as recognized by Kirkup and Allen (2015) are listed

Transportation is the number one thing we consumers do that harms the environment. Transportation causes the highest amount of environmental damage overall - nearly half of the toxic air pollution and more than a quarter of the greenhouse gases traceable to household consumption. Over time, however, sales of trucks, vans and SUV's went from 16% market share to over 50%. One big auto manufacturer even shelved their work of the last three years, spent updating their most popular selling economy car, so they could spend the money getting SUVs to market faster.

Truck transportation has been the backbone of freight movements in the United States and across the globe for decades. While utilizing trucks is an economical way to move freight for short hauls of less than a 1,000 miles, there are high environmental and infrastructure costs for utilizing this mode of transportation. According to Lowe, road transportation’s use of energy resources rose 103 per cent in the period since 1970 (2005). Additionally, Lowe points out that road transportation’s emission of green house gasses, “increased by 76% between 1971 and 1989” (Lowe, 2005, p. 112). Furthermore, road transportation is the largest polluter in the industry. It utilizes “over 80% of the total energy used in the transport sector and contributes over 75% of its total CO2 output (Lowe, 2005, p. 113). Finally, freight transportation by heavy vehicles causes pavement damage at significantly higher rates than passenger traffic (SSTI, 2011).