Literature Review: Polybia-MP1?

Chemotherapy drugs used to treat cancer kill the most rapidly dividing cells in the body,

It has broad variety of anti-tumor activity and forms the backbone of combination chemotherapy regimes presently

Since both compounds are effective against different cells in the body, the researchers believe that when combined, the effect will be greater when treating early-stage melanoma patients. In this experiment, a way to strengthen the immune defenses against metastatic events was being tested. When the melanoma sentinel lymph nodes have an impaired function, early metastatic events are possible. In recent studies, it has been discovered that melanoma is able to evade and suppress a victim’s immune system. When this suppression occurs, the system is tolerant of melanoma-associated antigens. Due to this tolerance to MAA, the immune effector functions in the sentinel lymph nodes are impaired, which contributes to the early metastatic events that occur because of the melanoma. In order to observe how the SLN’s immune functions are working, the researchers sampled viable immune effector cells using a previously reported technique that did not interrupt the standardized diagnostic

For the chemotherapy dose not differentiate between cancer cell and healthy cell which in the end kill the bad and good cell targets dividing cells—interferes with wound healing which pointed out to us by Cincovidas

Bacteria accurately target tumors, actively enter tissue, simply recognized and controllably produce cytotoxicity. also, Several popular cures such as chemotherapy and radiation are poisonous for healthy tissue and not fully damage every cancer cells. Three main reasons for these difficulties are deficient tumor targeting, poor tissue invasion and insufficient toxicity to each cancer cells. These disadvantages limit qualified therapy and are linked with the rise in morbidity and mortality.

More the recent studies of chemo-naïve mCRPC or pre-docetaxel metastatic states, conducted in last 5 years. Early experienced with next generation AR-targeting agent quickly provided evidence of both important clinical activity and cross resistant.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide as it can develop in almost any organ or tissue. Significant advances in understanding the cellular basis of cancer and the underlying biological mechanisms of tumour has been vastly improved in the recent years (Jiang et al. 1994). Cancer is a genetic disease which requires a series of mutation during mitosis to develop, its characteristics can be associated with their ability to grow and divide abnormal cells uncontrollable while in the mean time invade and cause nearby blood vessels to serve its need. Even though many people are affected by cancer today, the abilities which cancer cells have make it hard to find a single effective treatment for cancer. The focus of research now lies

Polymyxin B1 (PMB1) is a small antimicrobial lipopeptide first derived from the bacterial species Bacilus Polymyxa in 1947[25, 29, 189]. It’s structure is made up of a cyclic polypeptide ring and a fatty acid tail with sequence: DabC-Thr-Leu-DPhe-Dab-DabC-Dab-Thr-Dab-OC9H17. Some of the residues forming the peptide segments are irregular amino acids such as D-Phenylalanine and α, γ-Diamino Butyric acid (DAB). DAB amino acids carry a charge of +1, and with five DABs present this gives the cationic peptide a total charge of +5 [34]. PMB1 is known to be highly potent and is selective principally to gram-ve bacteria, it is effective against all but the Proteus group [190]. It has been shown to successfully treat infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with only limited confirmation of resistant strains developing [25, 191-193]. It has been referred to as a “last hope” antibiotic, due to it’s potency and resilience against resistance [193]. It also possesses the unconventional trait (among AMPs) of showing anti-endotoxin activity, meaning it has

Similar results were seen in a study that evaluated the maximum tolerated dose, antitumor activity, and pharmokinetics of Pembrolizumab in patients with melanoma and Merkel cell carcinoma. (46). A total of 30 out of 32 patients recruited received Pembrolizumab in various doses (1mg, 2mg, 3mg, and 10mg/kg respectively) intravenously every 2 weeks until tumor progression or toxicity occurred. They found no dose-limiting toxicities occurred and observed that two patients had complete

Pembrolizumab: approved by EU and US in 2015 and 2014. Gives treat on melanoma. It targets on programmed cell death 1 receptor (PD-1). PD-1 receptor protein down regulate the immune system by preventing activation of T cells. Pembrolizumab blocks the inhibitory ligand of PD-1, reduce the PD-1 function and therefore activates more T-cells. Research suggested that cytotoxic T-cells are more susceptible to be inhibited by PD-1, hence TC become more activated when Pembrolizumab is

In vitro: WEHI-539 was found to have high subnanomolar affinity and could potently and selectively kill cells by antagonizing the prosurvival activity of BCL-XL (IC50 = 1.1 nM).

Nelsen et al. (2014) presents and discusses what the authors believe to be the inconsistencies among the definitions of poisons, venoms, and toxins, as well as the conflation, or mixing, of these terms within the literature. The three primary classes of toxins, biological, anthropogenic, and environmental, are defined and distinguished so that the authors can further discern the biological toxins using their own classification scheme (Nelsen et al. 2014). Nelsen et al. (2014) presents the necessity of their three-class scheme, which they proposed due to the terminological inconsistencies within and among the literature on biological toxins. I think implementing a new term to detract from the misconstruction of existing toxicological definitions would be constructive, especially with the proposed corresponding binomial classification system. This review aims to discuss the breadth and functionality of the Nelsen et al. (2014) categorization of toxins.

Each year snakes envenomate 421,000 people, 20,000 of whom die. These injuries are especially concentrated in developing countries, where snake bites are an occupational hazard. (Kasturiratne et al. 2008). The negative impact of this could be alleviated by the creation and production of a low-cost, human-compatible universal antivenom. Lethal Toxin Neutralizing Factor, henceforth LTNF, is a substance that has been isolated from opossum (Didelphis virginiana) serum, liquid component of blood. LTNF can neutralize nearly all venoms, by a mechanism not yet understood, including those never before encountered by the opossum (Menchaca & Perez 1981, Shier 2008). The active site of LTNF has been isolated into a 15 amino acid-long

Scorpions are the most ancient predatory class of arthropods that lived on earth for millions of years. There have been more than 1,500 species of scorpions identified worldwide and there are only 25 of them venomous to humans and other organism. Scorpions’ venom has played a critical role in their survival due to its exceptional mixture of component which consists of enzymes, short peptides, simple amino acids and other chemical secreted from the venom glands. These short peptides (30-80 amino acid) are often identified and known as toxins that the scorpion use by means of self-protection against other organisms. In recent decades, both medical and therapeutic fields turn their attention to study scorpions as significant laboratory animals due to their physiological characteristics. The different toxins produced by the venomous scorpions have opened new horizon towards using them to either design specific drugs and antibodies or find alternative tools in identifying a certain disease such as cancer. Although these toxins have different modes of actions and targets, the majority of them affect the nervous system and are classified as neurotoxins because they either alter specific ion channel binding and movement across cell membrane or affect neurotransmitter transmissions in the synaptic cleft. In order to explore closely the different features of these neurotoxins, a toxin called chlorotoxin will be discussed. Chlorotoxin or (CTX) is a type of toxin that is isolated from

E) As medicine –*Snake venom is widely used in the development of pain-management drugs. *A medicine prepared from the Brazilian pit viper is used in the treatment of high blood pressure. *Two drugs namely eptifibatide and tirofiban, prepared from the snake venom are used to treat minor heart attacks and chest pain. *The venom of southern copperhead contains a protein called contortrostatin that has ability to suppress cancer growth by binding to tumors disallowing them from spreading. *A drug called is exenatide is synthesized from the saliva of Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) which helps to sustain glucose levels and increase weight loss, a common factor in controlling type 2