Literature Review on the Human Brain: Can Fear Be Prevented?

“Fears are educated into us, and can, if we wish, be educated out.”-Karl Augustus Menninger.

The development of the brain especially in early childhood years is very important and sets the tone for the future development of children. Chapter 3 of the book talks about how fear affects the brain and how it changes behavior. The Davidian children had been exposed to a huge amount of fear by David Koresch what he believed was for their own good. The discipline tactics he used seem extremely harsh and soul crushing especially to young children. Dr. Perry describes how fear is our primal emotion and something we need to survive, but if you always live in fear your brain is under constant stress and in a constant fight or flight mode.

Many researchers have sought out an explanation for the mysteries hidden within our brain and how it operates. Recent studies have shown that the brain functions more as a muscle allowing it to continue to grow or contract. If these studies prove to be true, this could forever change how people interact or associate with their brains.

The human mind is the center of a person’s reasoning and thoughts and today it has gone from a mystery to a unique feature in the human anatomy. The mind is home to one's consciousness, perception, thinking, judgement, and memory. The brain also controls a person's muscle movement, breathing, and even their body temperature. Its anatomy is so complex that many doctors and scientists are continually learning and understanding how the different features of the brain work together to function as one of the body’s most interesting organs. Those who do study the way the brain and the nervous system function together are quite brilliant and are one of the most dedicated group of doctors. There are many fields

The brain is one of the most complex organ in our bodies. To learn about the brain scientists use electrical stimulation. Electrical stimulation is the use of electrical probes to determine functions of the brain. Clinical observation of patients have also helped scientists learn more about the brain. Case studies of different patients such as Phineas Gage have helped to learn about the different functions of the brain and how they work together to perform complex activities. (Barron’s AP Psychology 6th Edition)

To date more than ever, policy decision makers in healthcare systems are concerned with the way to adequately handle uncertainty surrounding health technology coverage, without penalizing healthcare providers and patients. A number of policy mechanisms to deal with this issue are available, with different ways of execution. These mechanisms have been purported to improve and hasten the reimbursement process of promising health technologies for which evidence is limited. These policy options have been adopted in different jurisdictions, with varying degrees of success. The literature addressing these mechanisms is growing and it may be difficult for interested readers to navigate through it. In this chapter, only one type of these reimbursement

C. APPROACH: Based on our preliminary data on lncRNA changes in specific regions of the brain associated with contextual fear, we hypothesize that specific lncRNAs mediate consolidation and extinction of fear memories. To test this hypothesis, the Puthanveettil and Stackman laboratories will bring together their strong expertise in genomics, bioinformatics, noncoding RNAs, genetics, behavioral models, non-coding RNAs, bioinformatics and functional, in vivo manipulations of novel molecular players. We will employ a research strategy that starts with an unbiased, genome-wide analysis of lncRNAs and funnel down to key players, at which point mechanisms of action will be identified. First, unbiased expression analysis of lncRNAs will be carried out with contextual fear conditioning following extinction of contextual fear memory. Second, we will then carry out in vivo manipulation of specific lncRNAs in specific regions of the brain to determine necessity of the expression of specific lncRNAs in consolidation and extinction of fear memory. We anticipate that our studies will establish the functional importance of candidate lncRNAs in consolidation and extinction and provide novel insights into the novel molecular regulators and mechanisms underlying development of PTSDs. All of the genomics, bioinformatics and rodent behavior analyses will be carried out locally, at Scripps Florida and FAU, with confocal imaging experiments being performed across the street at the Max Planck

“The Gift Of Fear,” a psychology book written by Gavin De Becker, is an extremely useful and informative read. It gives valuable advice about how to act upon human intuition, how to recognize threats, and defines what real fear is and it’s purpose. I found the book to be extremely interesting. This book provided me with a sense of understanding on violence and fear and I feel much better prepared when it comes to recognizing dangerous situations.

Is it possible to rouse fear from a stimulus that at first caused no such response? Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a response is produced from combining a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce an unconditioned response. Ivan Pavlov did a famous study, pairing the sound of a bell with food to produce salivation. After a while, just the sound alone would produce salivation. “Little Albert”, an infant that belonged to a wet nurse at the Harriet Lane Home was experimented on by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner. Watson and Rayner claim that “Little Albert” was a healthy, unemotional, and stable child. The experiment began with the introduction of a white rat, which alone, produced no fear response. At 11 months and 3 days, the rat was paired with a loud noise. The loud noise frightened “Little Albert”. He began to associate the fear he experienced with the white rat since it was paired with the loud noise.

According to PhycologyToday.com fear is an emotional response induced by a perceived threat, which causes a change in brain and organ function, as well as in behavior. Fear can lead us to become narcissistic, to run away from various issues, or to freeze up and become victim under circumstance, or it may come in the form of a discovery.

The educational goal of Super Solvers Gizmos and Gadgets is to teach young children a variety of basic concepts in math and science. It accomplishes its goal mainly through the use of minigames. Some of the minigames involve launching a ball into the designated hole, which teaches about force; completing a circuit by drawing wire, which teaches about electricity; matching the types of energy to example images, which teaches about different types of energy; and a few more.

Many scientists have been turning to genes that may have a role in creating fearful memories for an explanation as to what causes PTSD. They have also been studying different areas of the brain that control fear and stress such as the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. The amygdala has a role in the early stages of learning to fear and not to fear certain situations. The prefrontal cortex is said to help control the extinction of long term fearful memories. An individual genetics, brain area growth, and other environmental factors play a role in the risk of the individual developing PTSD after a traumatic

The definition of fear is an unpleasant emotion resulting in being afraid of someone or something that is a dangerous threat. However, fear can come in many forms and affect people in several different ways. Fear is evident in all areas of life. Everyone experiences fear whether the outcome is positive or negative. Fear is no doubt inevitable. For example,whenever you have to present a speech, you may fear ridicule or judgement. Or when you are walking to your car late at night by yourself, you fear many dangerous situations that can happen. According to Mary C. Lamia in “The Complexity of Fear” in Psychology Today, fear in terms of psychology is described as the fear of the unknown, fear of death, and catastrophic fear. Mary C. Lamia has found

This, I led me too a love of psychology. How wonderful was it that there was a whole science devoted just to that one mystical organ? Studying the brain, we can unlock the doors to human

Many science fiction stories highlight the connectivity between the past, present, and future, emphasizing the need to take care of all three for the success of our world. Firstly, in “A Sound of Thunder” Lesperance and Travis stress how careful the safari members need to be in the past in order to guarantee they come back to the same future, and Lesperance explained, “ ‘... When I find the one that’s going to die… I shoot them with a paint bomb… Then I correlate our arrival in the Past so that we meet the Monster not more than two minutes before he would have died anyway. This way, we kill only animals with no future, that are never going to mate again. You see how careful we are?’ " (Bradbury1). This quote shows how much the safari leaders