Little Rock 9

On May 17, 1954, in the Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education, the High Court, for the first time in American legal history, challenged the “separate but equal” doctrine previously established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and outlawed racial segregation in public schools. The decision, igniting fierce debates throughout the country, was met with violence and strong defiance in the South. The years after Brown, however, saw the passing of several important Acts: the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968. Today, Americans remember Brown v. Board of Education as a success in African Americans’ struggle for equal rights, a change of sea tide for the civil rights movement. While

One hundred years after the Emancipation Proclamation was written, African Americans were still fighting for equal rights in every day life. The first real success of this movement did not come until the Brown vs. Board of Education decision in 1954 which was followed by many boycotts and protests. The largest of these protests, the March on Washington, was held on August 28, 1963 “for jobs and freedom” (March on Washington 11). An incredible amount of preparation went into the event to accommodate the hundreds of thousands of people attending from around the nation and to deal with any potential incidents.

The Supreme Court planned to desegregate schools. “In September 1957, nine black teenagers hoped to break a racial wall at a school in Little Rock, Arkansas.” (Benson 1). Ernest Green, Minnijean Brown, Melba Pattillo, Terrence Roberts, Elizabeth Eckford, Thelma Mothershed, Gloria Ray, Jefferson Thomas, and Carlotta Walls were the students who became the little rock nine. (Lucas 7). Daisy Bates planned to help them get to school. (Lucas 5). “Many White Southern Parents did not want the black students to go school with white children.” (Lucas 13). All the black students were excited for the first day of school. (Lucas 12).

Background: This is part of the march on washington for jobs and freedom. The march is to help make segregation illegal. Segregation was a law made during jim crow laws times when he thought that blacks didn’t deserve to go to school or work with white men and women. The march took place at Washington D.C and was lead by Martin Luther King Jr. The date was August 28th, 1963.

The U.S. Supreme Court issued its historic Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, on May 17, 1954. Involved in the 14th Amendment, the decision declared all laws instating segregated schools to be unlawful, and it called for the desegregation of all schools throughout the nation. After the decision, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) attempted to register black students in previously all-white schools in cities throughout the South. In Little Rock, the capital city of Arkansas, the Little Rock School Board agreed to comply with the high court's ruling. Virgil Blossom, the Superintendent of Schools, submitted a plan of measured integration to the school board on May 24, 1955, which the board unanimously ratified. The plan would be implemented during the fall of the 1957 school year.

Then background and race in the United States was a big deal, it still is relevant today but not as much. Black’s got treated much worse than whites, they had their own schools, drinking fountains, bathrooms,etc. Meanwhile black public schools got the tiniest bit of money, white schools had much more of it and there schools were in very good condition unlike black schools. If you were black you could of gone to jail for touching a white and you possibly could get sent away your entire life. Supposing that you were not white, not many people would want you around them nor their family. You had more privileges being white than any other race at the time. Activists used, during the Civil Rights movement, multiple strategies that resulted in both successes and failures.

Theres is no secret that the blatant civil rights violations imposed on blacks in America through racial segregation laws served as an injustice to all American citizens in the mid-1900s. At the heart of the segregation battle was the obvious mistreatment, both physical and emotional, bestowed onto African Americans by their white counterparts, especially in the South. After decades of harsh mistreatment, African American leaders sought out to challenge, and ultimately change, the laws and legislation drafted by their government centuries before those men and women existed. Though peaceful protests were a common method of action blacks chose to partake in, many of these individuals were met commonly with acts of violence from angry southerners

However, it did not all end there, in February 1958, the Little Rock school board petitioned the local federal court to acclaim delaying their integration plan due to the board exclaiming that there was too much “chaos, bedlam, and turmoil” going on in Central High School, ever since the African American students enrolled. The court agreed along with them, ordering that the students need to be removed from the school and the integration plan should be postponed for two and a half years. Speaking for the little rock nine, the NAACP appealed the decision to the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals, and undoing the lower court’s decision and conveyed that the delay would violate the constitutional rights of African American students, which lead to the U.S Supreme Court to finally reviewing the case and later declaring that the African Americans will stay at Central High School and the school board must continue with the integration plan. Brown v. Board of Education provided the foundation for school integration during the 1950s and 1960s, while Cooper v. Aaron provided the

It was May 2, 1963. It was African-American kids fighting for their rights. They were doing non-violent demonstrations. This Civil Rights move was already part of some of the kids life. They made colored days for the people to be able to go to the fairgrounds. They also had some of their clothes taken off by

The March on Washington is were Dr. Martin Luther King gave his I have a dream speech. The March on Washington advocated for jobs and freedoms for African American people (Black History Timeline). This event gather a large number of people and civil rights

The March on Washington took place Wednesday, August 28, 1963 in Washington D.C. The march was generally for jobs and freedom but specifically it was for voting rights protection, public school desegregation and federal programs to trained unemployment workers. When it first began, many of the people was socializing about possibly what’s taken place but honestly no one actually know for sure because of how many people actually showed up and involved themselves in the movement. There was many people that came out to support as well as being apart of the march. You could tell by everyone demeanor that marching on washington were something they wanted to participate in without any force because they most likely felt that marching on washington was significant to them. After, witnessing a few people,you could conclude that participating in the march showed the genuine attitude of the people due to their actions they presented. You would that since so many people showed up that it would be complicated to get everyone’s attention but they were able to follow directions even though they made it to certain areas early then they predicted. I do not think any of the leaders that help corporate this event actually knew how many people was going to show up and take a stand with them but I’m sure they expected the best.

Throughout time African Americans have fought for their equality, integrity, and unity. The Million Man March is another example of an act to promote African American equality, show their importance, and unify all. The March took place October 16, 1995 in Washington D.C. . It was organized in order to accomplish many goals that benefit African Americans. What were the goals of the Million Man March?

One example is on January 20, 1964 went Lewis led a march to the courthouse but he was arrested. Another example is January 22, 1965 when teacher and Reverend F .D march to the courthouse with toothbrushes ’showing that they were not afraid to go to jail . In addition maybe the most famous march in March Book Three would be Bloody Sunday were many people gather around to march to show the nation, and the world that hundred and thousands of African American citizens of Alabama are denied the right to vote (p.194). Lastly the last march was on March 21 in Selma, Alabama were people many people came to march including Dr. King, Ralph Bunche, Jim Forman and many more. The march was from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery, Alabama where people march to represent the African American citizens of Alabama as freedom-loving people and to have the right to vote (p278-285).

An estimated 250,000 black and white Americans met together for the March on Washington in August 18, 1963. Organized by civil rights and religious groups

Unfortunately, there was inequality in roles, rights and opportunities as they lived in exile, poverty and segregation. Even after the emancipation proclamation there was no freedom for the black community. As a leader Dr. King informed the masses that “today” was the time to face racial injustice and act upon it. The only way African American can be satisfied is when there is justice as they will then have the opportunities to set goals and progress united. The title of the event as seen on banners was “The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.” (History.com) Therefore the focus of the march was to bring awareness to the public to increase job and economic opportunities for African