Locked In Syndrome

○ Confirmation of diagnosis is made by radiographic examination of the skull (i.e., MRI of the head)

     If doctors agree that a stroke has taken place, they may do other tests to determine where the stroke occurred, how large of an area is damaged, and how the blood flow with in the brain has been effected; they do this by taking a CAT scan. They may also take an ECG to determine if there is any heart disease that may have caused the stroke. In addition, they take tests to see if the patient has high blood pressure or they may test the arteries themselves because this is a major cause of stroke in most people. Catheterization, injecting dye into the arteries, and blood tests are the most common tests done. A high glucose level in the blood may reveal diabetes and high blood fats indicate thickened red blood and arteriosclerosis. There may also be a high level of red blood cells, changing the consistency of the blood. These conditions must be treated to prevent further strokes.

In some people with ALS, the parts of the brain that allow us to think, remember, and learn also are affected by the disease (Labby).

Once these symptoms are apparent enough, a clinical diagnosis is the next step of action. There is no one definitive test or procedure to this date to distinguish a clear, formal diagnosis of the disease, making the task nearly impossible. There are many other diseases with some of the same symptoms as ALS, making it that much harder to make a reliable decision on the matter. A series of tests can be done to rule out other diseases from the question, eventually leaving ALS as the only logical diagnosis. Some of the diagnostic exams include a spinal tap, x-rays, including an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), myelogram of cervical spine, muscle and nerve biopsies, and an overall thorough neurological inspection.

Cerebral palsy refers to a group of chronic disorders that involve degrees of brain damage that affect body control and movement. The term cerebral refers to the brain, while palsy describes a disorder that impairs the control of body movement. These disorders are not the result of muscles or nerves problems. Instead, they are due to impaired motor areas in the brain that disrupt its ability to control movement and posture. The condition typically appears within the first few years of life and it is not marked by regression. (Mecham, 1986)

People who suffer with cerebral palsy may have contracted muscles or joints causing a fixed rigid limb. Care staff must be aware of the needs of people who suffer with cerebral palsy and ensure that effective communication skills are used when assisting people to move or reposition.

Most people do not expect to become paralyzed during the course of their lives. Barring injury to the nervous system or debilitating disease, one does not expect to lose motor function. In spite of these expectations, people of all races, sexes, ages, and classes can be afflicted with a debilitating syndrome that can lead to difficulty in walking or even to temporary paralysis in the most severe cases. This syndrome is known commonly as Guillain-Barre Syndrome, or GBS.

Cerebral palsy people usually very stiff and unusual relaxed and ‘’floppy ‘’ limbs which may also held in an unusual or awkward position

Neuroradiological imaging plays an important role in the process of diagnosing ischaemic stroke. The different imaging modalities that can be used to diagnose ischaemic stroke include computed tomography (CT), magnetic imaging resonance (MRI), and radionuclide imaging. In this article, the different modalities that contribute to the diagnostic process are discussed, with a focus on CT scan protocols.

Tests to see if you have other types of tumors in other parts of the body.

The diagnostic process for a formally diagnosing Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA/stroke), would consist with a number of test including a physical exam and questions regarding your family history of strokes, any signs or symptoms that may have been present before the patient had the stroke. The physician would also order a few tests like a MRI, CT scan, Cerebral Carotid ultrasound, Cerebral Angiogram and an Echo Cardiogram. The physical exam is important to listen to the hearts sounds, take your blood pressure and also use a ophthalmoscope ( a scope to look in your eyes, ears and nose) to see if there are any cholesterol crystals behind the eyes("Diagnosis - Stroke - Mayo Clinic," 2015). A MRI, uses radio and magnetic waves to show a detailed

Race and class of neighborhoods is directly linked because neighborhoods that contain more than 40 percent black residents will remain poor throughout the years or get even poorer. White neighborhoods that were closest to black ones also got poorer, however, those away from the black belt stayed rich or got richer, because of the “locked in” model. The locked in model is reinforcing because it is efficient, low costing, and provides an equilibrium. Referring back to the Polya Urn example, the color of balls will become fixed based on what is drawn very early on in the process and will most likely stay this way, because of “path dependence,” which is dependent on early history. The economic factor to switching costs include moving out of poorer

MG may be difficult to diagnose and may not be determined for a couple of years. Reasons are as follows: the onset is gradual with the symptoms worsening over time, weakness and fatigue can also be signs and symptoms of other diseases, one or more of the voluntary muscle groups may experience weakness and with different degrees of severity, and also every patient may experiences the disease differently. After the medical history and physical examination, the physician may see a need for further muscle and neurological tests. Blood tests can detect abnormal antibodies. Nerve conduction studies and repetitive stimulation tests the nerve’s communication with the muscle. When stimulated a number of times the test will indicate muscle weakness. Single-fiber (EMG) electromyography is a test that measures the communication between the nerve and a muscle by inserting a small needle into a single muscle and recording the electrical muscle activity. CT scan or MRI may be ordered to check for

John Scalzi’s book Lock In tells a fictionalized tale regarding a future in which a substantial population of the world has suffered from a disease referred to as Haden’s syndrome. By analyzing the actions and voiced opinions of the characters in the book, we can see that Scalzi argues in favor of the social model of disability, over the medical model of disability.

Enzyme tests scan for high levels of CK (creatine kinase), that would point to a muscle disease. Enzymes such as CK are typically released by damaged muscles into the bloodstream. Electromyography measures the electrical activity in your muscles as they tighten and relax with an electrode needle; variations in the pattern of electrical activity can affirm a muscle disease. Because Duchenne is a genetic disease, genetic testing is sometimes used; blood samples will be inspected for mutations in some of the genes that can cause different types of muscular dystrophy, DMD in this case. Next, a little piece of muscle may be removed during a muscle biopsy through an incision or hollow needle. The biopsy is able to distinguish muscular dystrophies from other muscle diseases. Lung monitoring and heart monitoring tests may also be