whereas externals believe that feedback to be strictly due to forces outside of their control (Schultz & Schultz, 2013). Locus of control is a concept developed by Julian Rotter as part of his own social-learning approach to psychology. Haynes and Ayliffe (1991) utilize a theory of internal and external attribution that parallels Rotter’s locus of control, specifying attribution as an important mental process when addressing self accountability. Internal attribution is behavioral change that is instigated internally by the individual, such as a conscious decision to modify behavior. External attribution is change that is caused by outside factors such as medication or disease (Haynes & Ayliffe, 1991). An excellent example of these concepts is an alcoholic who is told …show more content…
One commonly occurring response is an assumption by the alcoholic that they have no control over their drinking and that any attempt to change it will be pointless; an attitude known as learned helplessness. Learned helplessness is detrimental to the internal attribution process because it impedes the internal locus of control; however it is fed by the external locus of control (Haynes & Ayliffe, 1991). For example: addicts like the previously mentioned alcoholic are frequently presented with biological causes for their addictions. While these factors cannot be proven as the sole causation, it is not uncommon for physicians or therapists to point to them as the cause of the maladaptive behavior, leading them to believe it is out of their control. This essentially hands them an excuse, or feeling of helplessness that discourages any type of internal attribution. Social-learning based counseling practices that focus on the whole picture, helping addicts to understand that these predispositions can be overridden by cognitive processes, can assist in this situation. Furthermore, recent research appears intent on finding biological causes for everything as opposed to considering all contributing
130). This model argues that individuals suffering from alcohol use disorders should not be blamed, for they did not choose to have the illness. However, the model is contradictory of itself as it also encourages individuals to seek professional help from counselors and therapists (Schaler, 1991). While both models have their own strengths and positive points, they both are limited as they lack to include vital aspects necessary for treatment. Therefore, to say that one is better or more supreme than the other would be a false statement. An ideal model would be one that includes all contributing factors equally such as but not limited to: genetics, family background, childhood experiences, environmental factors, cultural factors, biological factors, and psychological factor. Treatments and interventions for alcohol use disorders should consider the different contexts (e.g. government policy vs. community issues) and cultures (e.g. individual vs. organizational) that can affect treatment and the success of recovery. Mental health counselors should support and educate their clients by providing community resources and advocating for the reduction of social determinants such as poverty, unequal access to health care,
I have learned that alcohol addiction can stem from other issues in one’s life. I realize how alcohol addiction can exacerbate especially when dealing with other mental illnesses, trauma, having a history of family members with this disorder, and other life stressors. For example, Susan has been through a lot of trauma such as physical abuse, sexual abuse, and her miscarriages which explains why she often resorted to drinking. I realize that people often resort to alcohol as a way to get away from problems and decrease their emotional distress. Furthermore, I have recognized that one’s environment as well as familial issues can also greatly influence the addiction. Alcohol seemed to become a normal thing for Susan since the age of 10, and having parents struggle with the same addiction seemed to influence her drinking
Locus of control is the psychological term that either your fate or somethings fate is determined. There are two locus of controls, internal and external. Internal locus of control is all the gifts you receive is determined by his own decisions. An example of internal locus of control is someone failing on a quiz because he didn’t study. External locus of control is either you fate or somethings fate is determined by luck or chance. An example of external locus of control is someone winning the lottery. These two determine how good you do at school. People who have internal locus of control do better than people who have external locus of control. This is because people who have internal locus of control believe that if they study and work
Imagine, you just recently came down with a cold and you are feeling really sick. How did you end up getting sick in the first place, was it just due to random chance, or was it because you were stressed and not watching your health? According to Julian Rotter’s social learning theory, the two different mentalities people have about how much influence they themselves have on their life events can be categorized into two different groups. Those with internal control believe that they have control over their own behaviour and the subsequent outcomes. Conversely, those with external control more often tend to believe that outcomes are beyond their control. The locus control concept of internal versus external control can be used to understand
Alcoholism has raised many debates over the truth of its nature. Many scholars argue that alcoholism can be treated as a disease. Such approach to defining alcoholism means denying that alcohol abusers own a choice. In consequence, the treatment related differs and may or may not actually help alcoholics recover. A wrong diagnostic of this addiction can lead to serious health issues; therefore, it is vital to answer the following question: Is alcoholism a disease? Most experts in this field criticises this view of alcoholism as a disease due to the fact that this theory simply lacks a cure. It also victimises alcohol abuser, hence, completely negating the power of will. Finally, the disease theory comes from a history of misinformation that has now resulted in the very source of confusion within our society. Alcoholism is extremely complex and affects all part of the abuser, the brain, the body, the genes, and the psychic; hence, it is hard to classify alcoholism as a whole Instead, it should be regarded in a case-by-case fashion.
People drink in many ways, for many different reasons. We drink socially, to gain acceptance into a group. We drink alone to ease stress, to cope with our problems, or we “drink because we like the taste or how it makes us feel”#. Often drinking is a learned behavior, starting out as a social drinker; you quickly become psychologically and physically dependent. When someone reaches this stage they are often classified as an alcoholic. To an alcoholic, drinking becomes a compulsion; they cannot stop themselves from having another drink, like a social drinker can. In many cases alcoholics don’t even have to drink continuously in order to be an alcoholic. One the problems of alcohol addiction is that it’s something that doesn’t just effect the individual but it effects, friends and family as well. Spouse abuse, child abuse and dysfunctional family relationships can all be influenced by alcohol abuse.
Obesity has become a rising epidemic in recent decades (Manson & Bassuk, 2003) and it is often attributed to unhealthy eating or overeating (Puhl & Heuer, 2010). Things like food choice, especially unhealthy food choices, can attribute to how an individuals weight locus of control is perceived because unhealthy foods are often priced lower than healthy foods (Cummins, 2005). This can show that since an obese individual is willing to buy less expensive food that they are indifferent to their food habits (Cummins, 2005; Puhl & Heuer, 2010). The purpose of the present study was to explore the hypotheses that weight condition (obese, skinny) and food condition (healthy, unhealthy) influenced perceived weight locus of control, and participant
Our culture promotes the belief that citizens should be able to consume mind-altering substance(s) of choice and not suffer problems as a result. The percentage that do suffer problems are convinced that, like all other drinkers, they have control over the substance. When alcohol makes their behaviour increasingly unpredictable and disturbing, the 'alcoholic' ego inflates and, with denial, assures the self and others that no problem results; it creates a grandiose delusion. "Alcoholics have to self-absorbed to make sure they are still alive. There sense of self is so tenuous that they live constantly on the edge of annihilation. Their barely cohesive selves may fragment at any time. Thus, alcoholics suffer from at least four kinds of self-pathology:
The purpose of the assessment was to see how I not only scored, but showed in what areas how I think and feel towards certain areas. In the Locus of Control assessment I scored a seven. The result indicate that a high score indicates an external locus of control while a low score indicates an internal locus of control. This test was performed to see how I believe I can control certain events affecting me. While the Multiple Intelligence showed the different learning and development of learning process of each stage. Therefore, the concrete experience gave me a sense of feeling that I am exactly who I am. Meaning the results showed that I care about other’s feelings and learn through different experiences. One statement mention how I often prefer
This lead to a lot of frustration within her, when her trainees did not perform as well as expected. This was because their failure undermined her own performance. This phenomenon is explored in the 1975 paper by Julian B Rotter titled Some Problems and Misconceptions Related to the Construct of Internal Versus External Control of Reinforcement which aims to challenge the notion that having a strong internal locus of control is always the better option of the two. The article states that the context of the events and subsequent outcomes that the locus of control is being applied to determines wether or not it is most beneficial to have an internal or external locus of control(Rotter, 1975). In the case of events where the person has limited control over the outcome of a situation due to many fluctuating external variables such as a doctor trying to treat mutating virus or a manger being held accountable for the actions of a noncompliant subordinate, it is imperative for a person to exercise a locus of control geared closer towards that of an external locus of control. This prevents them from over burdening themselves with factors they cannot
Alcoholism is a psychiatric disorder that affects both the addict and the society around him. The American Psychological Association classifies alcoholic addiction as a disorder in the spectrum of substance use disorders in the DSMV, 2013 (Tuithoff et al., 2014). Numerous remedies for the alcohol addiction have been suggested, most of which have focused on management of the psychological status of people that have the compulsion to consume alcohol despite the negative consequences. This has led to the development of a full body of knowledge that currently guides the methods used to deal with this disorder (Chick, 2004). In addition to contributing to therapeutic methods, research has found many areas that require study in the future to enable human beings to deal with this problem. Alcoholism is a psychological disorder that has negative physical, psychological, economic, and social impact on individuals’ behavior and the society around them and, therefore, the scientific community is working tirelessly to deal with the problem and provide viable foundations for future research that may eradicate more than 50% alcoholic addiction cases twenty years from now.
In the year 2015-2016, 288,843 people undertook treatment for alcohol and substance abuse (Public Health England, 2016). The therapies that they received in their treatment are based upon well-evidenced theories including those that focus upon biological, learning and cognitive explanations in relation to addiction in an attempt to reduce desires and cravings for substances. Reber and Reber (2001) define addiction as "any psychological or physiological overdependence of an organism on a drug" (p.11). In order to develop useful therapies, these theories and their worth must be evaluated and the contribution each aspect contributes to developing a therapy. There is evidence that all of the above aspects of addiction are useful and needed in therapy, and it is concluded that despite some evidence of each explanation having good efficacy in therapy options, all factors should be considered in therapy to provide the best, most useful therapy for addiction.
For many people, drinking alcohol is a fun way to relax or enjoy time with friends. However, there are people who drink to excess, which leads to danger for themselves and people surrounding them. Alcohol abuse is an extensive issue and there has been great effort given to stop this particular activity. Psychologists have used many different approaches to try to solve this problem, including cognitive therapies, psychoanalytical therapies, and behavioral therapies. Each of these therapies can help in a different way, but this paper will focus on the behavioral approach of ending alcohol abuse, by examining pavlovian conditioning, operant learning, social learning theory, generalization, and the limits of learning.
The Rotter’s Locus of control scale has an internal consistency of about 0.65 to 0.79. The test-retest reliability ranged between 0.49 and 0.83. With regards to validity, there is a correlation between Rotter’s Locus of control scale and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale which ranges between -0.41 and -0.12 (Rotter, 1966).
Alcoholism has been a major problem in society for a number of years. In fact, alcoholism should be compared to a virus. This is because a person can never be completely cured from alcoholism; they can only fight the battle, day to day, hoping not to relapse. When it comes to the etiologies, or causes, of alcoholism, there seems to be three distinct origins of alcoholism. These causes are genetic factors, dependency caused by brain chemical imbalances after long-term use, and social and emotional factors.