Long Bone Research Paper

The skeletal system is made up of bones and joints. Bones are a dry dense tissue that is composed of calcium phosphorous and organic matter. The bones are protected and covered by a layer of fibrous connective tissue membrane called the periosteum (Brown, et al., 2015, p. 1547). There are two basic types of bone tissue: Compact Bone and Spongy Bone. Compact bones are dense smooth bones, while Spongy bones are composed of small needle-like pieces of bones and open space. Bones are then categorised according to the shape of the bone into four groups: long, short, flat and irregular. Long bones characteristically are typically longer then they are wide and generally have a shaft with heads at either ends e.g. the humerus. They are mainly compact bones. Short bones

The skeletal system is made up of cartilage and bone. Both bone and cartilage are connective tissues, that is, they are composed of cells in a matrix with intracellular fibers. Just imagine connective tissue as a gelatin salad with grapes and coconut. The grapes would represent cells, the gelatin the support material for matrix, and the pieces of coconut the intracellular fibers. By changing the amounts of each ingredient and adding extra substances, we can produce a material that is very hard like bone and can withstand weight or softer like cartilage which can be used as a cushioning material.

| - osteoblasts begin to replace the fibrocartilage splint with spongy and compact bone, forming a bulge that is initially wider than the original bony shaft

Cartilage tissue is a smooth, firm substance that protects ends of the bones from friction during movement and they can be found at the end of our bones in mobile joints, the front ends of the ribs, also in parts of our nose and ears.

The epiphyses are the proximal and distal ends of a bone that consists mainly of spongy bone. (Tortora and Derrickson, 2011). Originally the epiphyses are separated from the diaphysis by a layer of cartilage that later fuses together through ossification. (CollinsDictionary [online], 2012).

Each long bone has at least two growth plates. There is one at each end. The growth plate

The fibula (slender long bone that lies parallel with and on the lateral side of the

Based on color, the cartilage was whitish in color while the bone was cream colored. The cartilage was relatively more flexible than the bone. On composition, bone is made up of calcium while cartilage is made up of hyaline materials. Upon piercing with a knife, the bone is resistant to piercing. On application of more force, it cracks and breaks unevenly as compared to the cartilage that is less resistant to piercing and was cut clean through upon application of a relatively lesser

The University of Cambridge indicates that there are two types of bone in the human body: cortical, or compact, bone and cancellous bone, which is also known as spongy or trabecular bone. Cortical bone accounts for 80 percent of the body's bone mass. This type of bone forms a cylindrical shaft around the marrow in the central part of the bone. Cancellous bone makes up only 20 percent of the body's bone mass, but it has a much higher surface area because of its higher porosity and honeycomb structure, according to the University of

Bone elongation occurs through proliferation and differentiation of the cells located in the cartilage of the epiphyseal growth plates at the ends of the long bones. These plates are present only during the growth period and vanish when sexual maturation is complete. It is the long bones of the skeleton, primarily the legs, which contribute the greatest to final body height. It is at these sites that the pubertal growth spurt first occurs (Tanner, 1962). Longitudinal growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate, a thin layer of cartilage entrapped between epiphyseal and metaphyseal bones, at the distal ends of the long bones (Kronenberg, 2003). In the growth plate, immature cells lie toward the epiphysis, called the resting zone, with flat more mature

The epiphyseal plate is the area of growth in the long bone. There are four zones of cells and activity in the epiphyseal plate. First, zone of resting where the cartilage attaches to the epiphysis. Second, zone of proliferation where the new cartilage is produced on the epiphyseal side of the plates as the chondrocytes divide and form stacks of cells. Third, zone of hypertrophy where the chondrocytes mature and enlarge. Lastly, zone of calcification where the matrix is calcified and chondrocytes

Epiphyseal plate: is a line across the bone starting from where the bone grows in length.

The seconds are mature bone cells that originate from osteoblasts, which have migrated into and become trapped

The bones that are developed from endochondral ossification are referred to cartilaginous bones which occur in long bones and are essential during growth of lengthy bone. It proceeds via condensation of mesenchymal cells and gets differentiated into chondroblasts instead of osteoblasts. A cartilage template is produced by the activity of chondroblasts and serves as a template for the development of long bones such as femur and tibia. The cartilage template becomes surrounded by a membrane called perichondrium, which contains osteoprogenitor cells. As proliferation increases, the template begins to grow. The chondroblasts can secrete an extracellular matrix composed of collagen and proteoglycans. The chondroblasts

As an embryo, your bones are mainly made up of cartilage. They are very soft and therefore are extremely fragile. Ossification is a process that uses calcium, as the child grows, to create bone. Gradually as ossification occurs bones get stronger and harder.