Long Bone Research Paper

| - osteoblasts begin to replace the fibrocartilage splint with spongy and compact bone, forming a bulge that is initially wider than the original bony shaft

s Flat bones Irregular bone Sesamoid bones Anatomy of a Long Bone Epiphyses Metaphyses Epiphyseal growth plate Epiphyseal growth line Diaphysis Periosteum Medullary cavity Endosteum Articular cartilage Microscopic Anatomy Compact bone Osteons Spongy bone Trabeculae Bone Formation Intramembranous ossification Endochondral ossification Cells in Bone Osteogenic cells Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts Hormonal Control of Bone Calcitonin Parathyroid hormone Osteology of the Axial Skeleton Frontal Parietal Temporal Zygomatic arch Mastoid process Occipital Foramen magnum Occipital condyles Sphenoid Sella turcica Greater wing Lesser wing Ethmoid Cribriform plate Crista galli Nasal Maxilla Alveolar process Palatine process Zygomatic Zygomatic arch Lacrimal Palatine Inferior nasal conchae

The fibula (slender long bone that lies parallel with and on the lateral side of the

Cartilage tissue is a smooth, firm substance that protects ends of the bones from friction during movement and they can be found at the end of our bones in mobile joints, the front ends of the ribs, also in parts of our nose and ears.

Longitudinal bone growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate, which is a thin layer of cartilage between the epiphyseal and metaphyseal bone at the distal ends of the long bones. Bone growth is the result of maturation, growth of chondrocytes, their production of bone matrix, and finally calcification (47). The growth plate is a complex structure consisting of different layers of cells, as shown in figure 3. The most immature cells, the stem cells, are found towards the epiphyseal end of the growth plate in the stem cell zone, or resting zone; the proliferating zone contains more mature chondrocytes and the hypertrophic zone contains the larger chondrocytes. The resting stem cells in the resting zone are recruited, whereupon proliferation and differentiation

Materials for this laboratory included Microsoft excel to compile data, a pen and paper to record data, a 15cm ruler, string, a caliper, and a two meter ruler. Since bones often times vary in width in certain portions of the same bone due to the presence of joints and processes the bone was measured at the midpoint along its length for its true width. Measurements

Each long bone has at least two growth plates. There is one at each end. The growth plate

small piece of bone and the cartilage that covers it begins to crack and loosen.

It is a yellow/white colour and it is very smooth and slick. The purpose of cartilage is to stop the bones rubbing on each other and the joints. Sometimes when your older a common disease can occur which is called osteoporosis. This is when the cartilage has worn away and the bones are grinding on each other.

Bone elongation occurs through proliferation and differentiation of the cells located in the cartilage of the epiphyseal growth plates at the ends of the long bones. These plates are present only during the growth period and vanish when sexual maturation is complete. It is the long bones of the skeleton, primarily the legs, which contribute the greatest to final body height. It is at these sites that the pubertal growth spurt first occurs (Tanner, 1962). Longitudinal growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate, a thin layer of cartilage entrapped between epiphyseal and metaphyseal bones, at the distal ends of the long bones (Kronenberg, 2003). In the growth plate, immature cells lie toward the epiphysis, called the resting zone, with flat more mature

Attention Device: “The United States of America, the land of the free, home of the brave, has earned a new disturbing title as the world’s greatest jailer. The U.S represents just 5% of the world’s population, but we hold 25% of the world’s prison population (ACLU, 2017).”

Food insecurity is a term that indicates the limited capability to afford nutritionally adequate and safe food or the limited ability to obtain adequate foods in socially acceptable ways (1-2). In 2015, 13% of all U.S. households, which represents 42.2 million people (including 29.1 million adults and 13.1 million children), were food insecure (3) and food insecurity was found to be present in every county in the United States, ranging from a low of 4% in Loudoun County, VA to a high of 38% in Jefferson County, MS (4).

Cartilage doesn’t contain any nerves or blood vessels and is surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue, the perichondrium (Marieb, 176). Bones contain various types of tissues which makes them organs. They are used for support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation (Marieb, 178-179).

Fourth, halothane was first synthesized by C. W. Suckling of Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) in 1951 and was first used by M. Johnstone in Manchester in 1956. Halothane became popular as a nonflammable general anesthetic replacing other volatile anesthetics such as diethyl ether and cyclopropane. (Wikipedia, 2010) Halothane is no longer used in the U.S. because of its problems, such as it took it a long time to put a patient asleep and then longer to wake the patient back up. Plus if the patient is put under for a longer amount of time during a operation more gas will build up in the fats and then later go up to the brain. (Kervin, 2010)

Based on color, the cartilage was whitish in color while the bone was cream colored. The cartilage was relatively more flexible than the bone. On composition, bone is made up of calcium while cartilage is made up of hyaline materials. Upon piercing with a knife, the bone is resistant to piercing. On application of more force, it cracks and breaks unevenly as compared to the cartilage that is less resistant to piercing and was cut clean through upon application of a relatively lesser