Low Birth Weight: An Important Indicator In Public Health

The residential areas within the city limits of Dougherty County consist of single lot family duplexes, cluster housing, and town homes. These are located in areas such as the south part of town. Also there is a mix of duplexes and row houses. These homes are part of urban and residential redevelopment projects that are targeting high density residential areas. Residential structures outside the city are mainly single family homes. These homes are located in subdivisions and are either on large lots or in rural communities. A good example of this would be homes located in the Radium Springs and Putney area. In the downtown vicinity there are buildings that are used for commercial use. These buildings average between 6,000 and 12,000 square feet. It is around this area that you will also find some older homes. Some of these homes are dilapidated and there has been a push in recent years to either renovate or demolish them.

Chapter 1 of World of History, by Kevin Riley, focuses on the lifestyle of hunting gathering communities, then their transition into Agricultural, and finally to Urban Societies. I admire how Kevin Riley opened the chapter, by stating, “Men control more of the world’s income, wealth, and resources; enjoy more opportunities, freedom, and positions of power; and exercise greater control over the bodies, wishes, and lives of others than do women” (Riley 1). This demonstrates how Riley introduced the major topic contained in this chapter, which is that women became less equal, relative to men, before and after more complex agricultural societies developed in history. Therefore, throughout this paper I intended to prove how even back in Ancient times, women were viewed as being less than men.

Receiving good prenatal care is extremely important for an expecting mother. The prenatal period has a great impact on the newborn's health. Low birth weight is a problem among a certain population of newborns. It is crucial to understand the conditions in poverty and its

In African American women low birth weight has been associated with several chronic diseases, such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. African American women increased risk of preterm birth is a longstanding epidemiological enigma and a major public health problem(ciatation from african american womens lifetime upward economic mobility and preterm birth). To further investigate this public health problem, I have analyzed the work of previous researchers who found a correlation between chronic disease, preterm birth risk factors, and low birth weight babies in women of african descent.

The original law governing suicide, section 241(a), was amended in 1974 to decriminalize the act of suicide itself (Battin, 1994). This was done through lobbying by interest groups as well as supporters from other countries. Recently, this decriminalization was upheld on January 28, 2005, where Marcel Tremblay announced plans to commit suicide, saying that his life with pulmonary fibrosis was unbearable. After much anticipation, the 78year-old man committed suicide. Tremblay said that he publicized his suicide plans to help change laws over assisted suicide. His lawyer said police were satisfied with Tremblay's decision and that they v,,1ould not intervene (http://w,vw.cbc.ca/story/canada/national/2005/01/28/). Alternatively, section 241(b)

Discuss disparities related to ethnic and cultural groups relative to low birth weight infants and preterm births.

According to Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, “In the United States, nearly thirteen percent of babies are born preterm, and many of these babies also have a low birth weight.” The baby may be put into the NICU for varies reasons. However, the most common reason that a child is put into the NICU is because he or she is

Discuss disparities related to ethnic and cultural groups relative to low birth weight infants and preterm births. Describe the impact of extremely low birth weight babies on the family and on the community (short-term and long-term, including economic considerations, on-going care considerations, and co-morbidities associated with prematurity). Identify at least one support service within your community for preterm infants and their family. Provide the link for your colleagues to view. Does the service adequately address needs of this population? Explain your answer.

“Compared with European Americans, African American infants experience disproportionately high rates of low birth weight (LBW) and preterm delivery and are more than twice as likely to die during their 1st year of life”(Giscombé, C. L., & Lobel, M., 2005). The infant mortality rate for African Americans is 13.7 deaths per 1000 live births, more than twice the rate (5.7) for White Americans in the U.S. (Kung, Hoyert, Xu, & Murphy, 2008). A lot of the racial disparity in infant mortality can be explained by low birthweight and preterm delivery, which are also disproportionately and often experienced by African Americans (Martin et al., 2007).

Infant deaths in the neonatal period are caused by complications arising from preterm births, birth defects, maternal health conditions, complications of labor and delivery, and lack of access to appropriate care at the time of delivery. Infant deaths in the post-neonatal period are driven by sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) (including sudden infant death syndrome [SIDS]), injury, and infection (MMRW, 2013). An increasing proportion of post-neonatal infant deaths occur among infants who were born preterm but survived the neonatal period (Callaghan, 2006). On the other hand there is lesser knowledge of the incidence and etilogy of fetal mortality which according to MacDorman et al, makes fetal mortality an overlooked public health issue. Lee et al, echoed the same idea when they said infant mortality has been the main focus of public health programming while fetal deaths have gone untargeted. However, with the decrease in infant mortality rates there have been recent approaches such as perinatal period of risk analysis framework (PPOR) that highlight the need to include fetal

Goisis, Sacker, and Kelly (2016) studied how lower socioeconomic children are more at risk than others for developing obesity or becoming overweight. The children for the study were located in the United Kingdom within the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS). A total of 11,965 children born from September 2000 to January 2002, ages from 3, 5, 7, and 11 were included. Body measurements including height and weight and family income or socioeconomic

An increase in poverty contributes to the lack of nutritional care within low birth weight children.

While some women who received no prenatal care had normal, uncomplicated births, others did not. Most of the women who did not receive adequate prenatal care gave birth to an underweight and underdeveloped infant. Among the benefits of early, comprehensive prenatal care are decreased risk of preterm deliveries and low birth weight (LBW)-both major predictors of infant morbidity and mortality. (Dixon, Cobb, Clarke, 2000). Preterm deliveries, deliveries prior to 37 weeks of gestation, have risen. Since the studies in 1987, which showed the rate of preterm deliveries as 6.9% of births, the 1997 rate shows an increase to 7.5%. Low birth weight, defined as an infant weighing less than 2500 grams (5lbs. 5oz) is often preceded by preterm delivery. Low

A study conducted on Wistar rats at two time points in late gestation investigating the impact of gestational age and gender on fetal and placental weight. This study demonstrated that fetal and placental weight increased significantly between days 16 and 21 of gestation whereas gender showed minimal effect on growth.

With the development of the globalization, the business connection between diverse countries is becoming stronger and closer. Thus finding a uniform business language among different enterprises is an increasingly important issue, which could help company owner to understand better and evaluate various investment opportunities in foreigner countries. Accounting is widely recognized as one of the most efficient and useful tools to communicate in the business word. However, there are a large number of accounting standards in diverse financial markets, such as Japan Generally Accepted Accounting Principle (JGAAP), Australian Accounting Standard (ASS) and the US Generally Accepted Accounting Principle (US GAAP). To fill the gap between discrepant accounting standard, the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) attempt to set up universal accounting standard and make it universally accepted and applied. IASB has established in 2001 April, which was reorganized by the International Accounting Standard Committee (IASC), and its work is quickly approved by its target group. During this process, a common conceptual framework was initially developed by a joint IASB-FASB Project, which was used as a basis for accounting standards. In 2012, this project was suspended and replaced by an IASB-only comprehensive project (reference).