Low Body Temperature Experiment

Oxygen debt in the muscles is reached when oxygen levels are much lower than required during strenuous physical activity, causing lactate fermentation to occur in the cells leading to muscle fatigue. The results found in the experiment were the number of squeezes in the first trial for the dominant and non-dominant hands were significantly higher than the remaining ones. The results also showed as the trials continued, the number of muscle contractions decreased steadily which supported the hypothesis. However, there were some increased numbers for the dominant hand from trial 4 to 5 and trial 9 to 10. The non-dominant hand expressed similar unexpected results from trial 6 to 7 and trial 9 and 10. The reasons for these results might be due to the finger muscles being worked at the high intensity for a long period of time causing the muscles to consume higher amounts of oxygen thus producing more ATP production. This would cause the muscles to create more contractions towards the end of the trials. The unexpected results could also be caused by experimental errors such as faulty clothespins. The springs connecting the two ends of the clothespin was tight causing the number of contractions as the trials progressed having a more significant decrease. This is because the amount of energy required to open and close the clothespin would be higher, causing the lactate threshold to occur quicker. Due to this, the number of squeezes would decrease drastically as the trials progressed, in contrast to if the springs were normal. This would change the results by the difference between the trials not being evident therefore, not demonstrating the effects of muscle fatigue. Another factor that altered this experiment was the participant’s condition, Palmar Hyperhidrosis –excessive sweating on the palms – which

Introduction: In this experiment, cardiovascular fitness is being determined by measuring how long it takes for the test subjects' to return to their resting heart rate. Cardiovascular fitness is the ability to "transport and use oxygen while exercising" (Dale 2015). Cardiovascular fitness utilizes the "heart, lungs, muscles, and blood working together" while exercising (Dale 2015). It is also how well your body can last during moderate to high intensity cardio for long periods of time (Waehner 2016). The hypothesis is that people who exercise for three or more days will return to their resting heart rate much faster than people who only exercise for less than three days.

In this assignment I will be introducing a formal report that is based on an investigation into how the body responds to exercise and which analyses the results from the investigation. The investigation involves myself and other pupils in my class. I will be doing the Harvard step test. the other pupils in my class will be monitoring my heart rate, breathing rate and temperature before and after the test.

In addition a small rise in breathing rate and this is called anticipatory rise, this happens when exercising. The average reading for breaths per minute during exercise is 23-30. This shows that with more blood pumping through the body more oxygen is needed to keep the body at a sustainable rate to help our body create more energy. Our breathing rate will keep increasing until

Before the exercise the breathing decreased when I was counting how many breaths I can take in a minute. However whilst breathing, my breathing rate was not normal but it was essential for me to keep the results reliable.

“The BSL Respiratory Effort Xdcr SS5LB was attached to the Biopac Systems MP36 and then was attached to the participant’s chest, underarms, and above the nipple line” [4]. Respiratory monitoring was done throughout the experiment. The subject was seated upon a Gold’s Gym 390R Cycle Trainer stationary bike. The Nonin Pulse Oximeter was used to monitor oxygen saturation levels in subjects’ blood and to measure changes

The average temperature of the human body is 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. By calculating the mean of the temperatures taken, through the ears, of the two thermometers, the Braun got the closest with 98.44 F in the right ear and 97.51 F in the left, when compared to the Proven with 97.24 F in the right and 96.42 F in the left. The Proven had a higher accuracy when measuring the temperature of the forehead with the sensor cap, illustrating that, for this device, it is better to measure temperature through the forehead than in the ears. Through this observation it can be concluded that the Braun thermometer is better for measuring a person's core body temperature. This could be due to the overall design and application of each thermometer. The Braun thermometer measured temperature solely in through the ears, while the Proven thermometer is modified to measure temperature either through the ears or on the forehead. This could lead to a more accurate reading of the Braun thermometer, since it’s focused on a single place.

Thermoregulation is the control of the body’s temperature. Normal body core temperature is typically around 37 °C, staying within a functional range of 35 to 41 °C. (Périard et al., 2015) Temperature during exercise can have both positive and negative effects and therefore it is important to manage it through training and heat acclimatisation. It has been found that power output and speed of cyclists decreased during hot conditions. (Racinais, S et al., 2015) However, due to heat acclimatisation the decrements were progressively increased, therefore suggesting that heat acclimatisation can be used successfully. (Périard et al., 2015). Similarly, it can be found that exercise increases body temperature and the resulting heat stored becomes a factor inhibiting exercise performance. Loss of heat by evaporation can eventually hinder performance. Therefore, it is again found that acclimatization improves performance by affecting heat loss mechanisms. (Reilly et al, 2006). A study was carried out by Webborn et al., (2005) to test weather precooling/cooling in intermittent sprint exercises in a hot environment would reduce a rise in core temperature. 8 male participants took part in 4 heat stress trials with the independent variables being no-cooling control, 20 min of precooling and cooling during exercise. Each participant took a pill measuring core body temperature and the results found that during 80 minutes of passive rest in heated conditions, body temperature rose from

The effects of exercise on blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate and electrical activity of the heart were assessed. The measurements of respiration rate, pulse rate and blood pressures were noted as described in Harris-Haller (2016). Data was first taken from subjects in a relaxed position and then followed by sets of reading after exercising based on one minute intervals. The data also noted sitting ECG traces from Harris-Haller (2016). The respiratory rate, pulse, blood pressure, P wave, QRS complex and T wave were defined for each subject. The class average was calculated for males and females and graphed to illustrate the results by gender for each cardiopulmonary factor.

Hyperoxia is used to test for diffusive limitations in respiratory pathways. If high levels of oxygen does not increase the rate of oxygen use, then non diffusive, convective, or pertusive limits to aerobic capacities are indicated. Studies of exercising humans show that high levels of oxygen do increase the maxim rate of oxygen use. However, no exercising amphibians and reptiles have been studied.

As the intensity of exercise increased, so did the rates of the heart and breathing. After a small period of rest, the heart rate and breathing rate both decreased to a point close to their resting rate. This proved the stated hypothesis. First, the hearts average resting rate was recorded to be 76 bpm. The heart is therefore transporting oxygen and removing carbon dioxide at a reasonably steady rate via the blood. During the low intensity exercise (Slow 20) the heart rate increases to 107 bpm, which further increases to 130bpm at a higher intensity level (Fast 20). The heart therefore needs to beat faster to increase the speed at which oxygen is carried to the cells and the rate at which carbon dioxide is taken away by the blood.

Still, the relationship between the presence of hypoxia and what it does to the human body in physiological terms is not as well understood as many scientists in the field with hope. The purpose of this current research is to further explore hypoxia's impact on the human body during bouts of submaximal exercise. This study uses an experiment to empirically test and evaluate the impact of hypoxia on this type of exercise. Thus, the

The purpose of the maximal oxygen consumption test is to assess a participant’s aerobic power and fitness. Maximal oxygen is defined as the “single highest oxygen consumption elicited during graded exercise to exhaustion” (Adams, 2014). However, peak oxygen is measured “during a specific test, but it may not truly be the highest or maximal oxygen consumption possible” (Adams, 2014). To simplify, every test will show values for peak oxygen consumption; however every test does not always show a value for maximal oxygen consumption. This could happen if a participant is not able to fully reach the point of exhaustion due to physical pain symptoms or lack of motivation. Maximal oxygen consumption is important to understand aerobic fitness because it utilizes many systems in the body such as pulmonary, muscular, and cardiovascular. According to an article in the Journal of Human Kinetics, “maximal aerobic power is commonly accepted as the best measure of the cardiovascular systems’ functional limits (Rowell, 1974) and has been shown to predict mortality from all causes in healthy (Blair et al., 1989; 1996) and unhealthy individuals (Myers et al., 2002)” (Hamlin et al., 2012). For this lab, the maximal oxygen consumption test used was the Vo2 Max Bruce Protocol test and the equipment used was a Woodway treadmill.

The literature on the effects of exercise of cardiac output maintains the idea that exercise should affect cardiac output- pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, QRS-pulse lag, P-T and T-P intervals, because of increased heart rate. For our experiment, we tested this theory by measuring our cardiac output before and after some rigorous exercise. We measured the individual cardiac output and then combined the data to compose a class-wide data average. We compared the results of the experiment to what we expected, which was that exercise does affect our heart. Our data from this experiment supported the notion that exercise does, in fact, change cardiac output.

I predict that during exercise the heart and respiratory rate (RR) will increase depending on the intensity of exercise and the resting rates will be restored soon after exercise has stopped. I believe that the changes are caused by the increased need for oxygen and energy in muscles as they have to contract faster during exercise. When the exercise is finished the heart and ventilation rates will gradually decrease back to the resting rates as the muscles’ need for oxygen and energy will be smaller than during exercise.