Lrk2 Case Study

Many sporadic melanomas are also found to have mutations or loss of expression of this tumor suppressor gene, known to act in the same signaling pathway as the retinoblasma cases (see 3.3 Tumor suppressor genes).

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are the most widespread age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Both diseases impact a considerable number of people, where AD occurs in around 10 percent of the population greater than the age of 65 while PD occurs in roughly 1 percent of the population above the age of 65. AD is considered to be the most widespread cause of dementia, characterised by the progressive memory and cognitive deficits which impair ones day to day activities. The pathological hallmark of AD comprises of extracellular accumulation of senile plaques consisting of mainly amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides, along with neurofibrillary tangles which are composed of the phosphorylated tau protein, located in the hippocampus and cortex. Conversely, PD is considered to be the most widespread movement disorder that is characterised by symptoms such as rigidity slow movements, resting tremor and other instabilities. The extreme loss of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra is what defines PD, as the loss of this nerve cell can be linked to Lewy bodies containing aggregates of a soluble protein called α-synuclein.

While researching in depth Ocular Melanoma, there has been a consistent theme persisting there is not enough research done to find a way to decrease metastasis percentage and increase survival rate. The current attempts at decreasing metastasis and increasing survival rate have stayed the same throughout the course of 4 decades. The current drug, LS2616, is being used to treat Ocular Melanoma patients, but it is used to late to feel the full impact of the drug. Research and Development laboratories are working on a faster-acting drug, but nothing has been tested on mice or released to the public. If new drugs could be created, the survival rate of Ocular Melanoma would increase drastically.

Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer. It accounts for a large proportion of skin-related deaths. Among all cancer types, melanoma has a particularly high propensity to metastasize to the brain, occurring in >50% of all patients with advanced disease. Current therapeutic options of chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation have very limited efficacy for patients with melanoma brain metastasis. These patients either have multiple metastatic lesions or diagonistically challenging asymptomatic lesions, making surgery an inadequate therapeutic option by itself.

Concerning your answer to LA1Q1, I agree with you that a sole proprietorship would be the best choice. However, I disagree with your statement that “once he starts, Owen cannot bring others into the business”. That is true to the extent that bringing partners in will end the sole proprietorship, but he is free to transition his business into a partnership (The legal and ethical environment of business, 2014, pg. 352). I believe that many businesses grow and evolve over time and over the life of a business may have various business organizational structures.

The melanoma community, consists of those experiencing melanoma (past, or present), and their families and friends, and are specifically targeted for advocacy, and support services (Including assistance with finances as needed for treatments). The general public is MRF’s target for awareness and prevention campaigns. This is a diverse audience,

Tumor of the skin is by a long shot the most widely recognized of all diseases. Melanoma represents under

Currently, there is no cure for PD. Extensive research has been conducted on PD in the past and present in hopes to

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that affects approximately ten million people worldwide (Hellqvist & Berterö, 2015). Unfortunately, the cause of PD is still unknown. However, PD’s pathology involves degeneration in noradrenergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic pathways (Hellqvist & Berterö, 2015). In addition, abnormally folded Lewy bodies form nodules in brain cells and infect healthy neurons (Hellqvist & Berterö, 2015). PD causes motor and cognitive impairments which include tremor, postural instability, depression, and anxiety (Chenoweth, Sheriff, McAnally, & Tait, 2013). PD is one of the most debilitating and costly chronic diseases in the world, and could have serious

Although uveal melanoma is a rare malignancy, it is the most common primary intraocular tumor in adults (Kashyap, 2016) and occurs at a rate of 5.1 per million per year (Kaliki, 2016). Uveal melanoma may develop anywhere within the uveal tract, however it most commonly arises in the choroid (90%), followed by the ciliary body (6%) and then the iris (4%) (Kaliki, 2016). The at-risk population includes those with light skin, light eyes, ocular melanocytosis, nevi of the iris or choroid and the BRCA1-associated protein mutation (Kaliki, 2016). Uveal melanoma has been found to be most common in the middle-aged Caucasian population with a median age of 62 years old at presentation and with a 30% higher incidence among males relative to females

Because of the low heritability of PD, more studies focusing on environmental exposures about the PD mechanism (AH-2012). Researchers may focus on both chemical hazards and physical hazards (AH-2012). Exposure to environmental factors or mutations in PD-associated genes of patients may cause mitochondrial dysfunction that ultimately results in PD. All of these share common linkages and influence each other greatly. Limiting the early inflammatory response will reduce further both elevated oxidative stress and microglial activation that are key to slowing the death of the neurons in the SNpc.

On September 7, 2016, the scientific news article “Experimental drug could stop melanoma, other cancers, research suggests” found on the website ScienceDaily portrayed hope for cancer patients and an important achievement for researchers. The article was based on a research led by Tarek Abbas, doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), and other scientists from the University of Virginia Health System. The research discovered great potential in an experimental drug called Pevonedistat that is effective against melanomas and optimistically, other types of cancer tumors such as the brain, breast, and liver tumors. Melanoma is a set of melanin cells that can typically result in malignant tumors, also known as

Sahar Salimi-Mosavi, Human Biology Program, University of Toronto, Dr. Lili-Naz Hazrati, Department of Laboratory of Medicine and Pathology, Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Although the study provides valuable information by adding to what is known about the pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of Nilotinib in PD, there are some flaws in this research. First, the basis for this study is the assumption that Nilotinib, being a c-ABL inhibitor (Manley et al., 2010), can prevent the build-up of neurotoxic substrates in the brains of PD patients, thus improving symptoms (Karuppagounder

However, visual support such as images of the retinal layers would have made the experimental aspect of the study stronger as the illustration would have been beneficial for readers to see the different layers of the retina and how PD has an effect on the layer segmentation. Further, the procedure was adequate and organized in a way where the authors clearly addressed each of the individual steps that were performed and taken into consideration to meet the criteria laid out for the study and how to deliver the objective of the study to the readers. Overall, the journal article did a reasonable job in addressing the correlation that exists between patients with PD and retinal degeneration by including all the necessary elements that define a credible research