Lung Cancer: A Case Study

Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world, according to the World Health Organisation. In the UK, it 's the second most-frequently occurring cancer among men (after prostate cancer), accounting for 1 in 7 new cases, and the third most-frequently diagnosed cancer in women (after breast and bowel cancer) accounting for about 1 in 9 new cases. However, numbers have dropped considerably in recent times, by about 16% in the last decade alone.

What are lung cancers? Lung cancers are the abnormal cells which grow in uncontrolled manner in one or both lungs. They do not function as normal lung cells and do not develop into healthy lung tissue. The abnormal cells can grow, form tumours and interfere with the normal functions of the lung (Lungcancer.org, 2015). Lung cancers can be divided into two major types, namely non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancers (SCLC). NSCLC can be further classified into three main subtypes, namely adenocarcinoma, squamous-cell carcinoma and large-cell carcinoma (Longo & Harrison, 2012). Lung cancers can be diagnosed by chest X-ray, computerised tomography (CT) scan, positron emission tomography-computerised tomography (PET-CT) scan, bronchoscopy and biopsy (Nhs.uk, 2015). Unfortunately, lung cancers are often diagnosed at the later stages. This is due to the unrecognisable symptoms and warning signs at the earlier stages. NSCLC are often diagnosed at stage IV which accounts for 30-40% of cases whereas 60% of SCLC is diagnosed at stage IV. Lung cancer usually originates from the cells lining the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. Carcinogens especially tobacco smoke will alter the gene expression of the normal human lung cells, resulting in cell mutation. The proto-oncogenes will be converted to mutated form, oncogenes. Mutation leads to the decreased expression of the tumour suppressor genes. This results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, cell

Ever since my mother was diagnosed with lung cancer in when I was in middle school, I’ve developed an interest in medicine and the treatment of diseases. Then, last summer, my Chinese teacher was diagnosed with the same type of lung cancer. What I found peculiar is that both of these important women in my life were non-smokers and Chinese; so perhaps this type of cancer is race-associated. A recent publication from the National Cancer Institute seems to back my hypothesis, suggesting that Asian women possessed a unique chromosome associated with lung cancer. Coming from a cancer survivor’s family, I hope to continue to research this correlation and, someday, develop a quick and accurate diagnostic kit or device for cancer identification or implement lung cancer risk screening for Asian American women, similar to the breast cancer risk screenings for women. As a future biomedical engineer,

Throughout life, many individuals experience difficulties due to growing up in everyday life. While going in depth of the human life, it is discovered that there are many diseases and disorders that affect humans’ everyday functions. A very popular disease that has traumatically affected the human body is cancer. Cancer is a disease that spreads throughout your body in many ways. The purpose of cancer is to attach to a blood cell in your body and cause a plague within itself, causing the body to initially shut down and die. This disease contains many forms and have many causes to it. However its main goal is to destroy the human body.

The human body is designed so that each part is dependent on the other for one or the other reason. There is a delicate balance to the distribution of functions and the way in which each system defenses itself against any unmentionable disease or ailment.

Lung cancer is a cancer (malignancy) that originates in the tissues of the lungs or the cells lining the airways. Lung cancer originates when normal lung cells become cancer cells, usually after a series of mutations, and begin to divide out of control.

The leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in the United States and worldwide is lung cancer. Lung cancer is responsible for thirty percent of cancer deaths in the United States. The deaths caused by breast cancer, colon cancer and prostate cancer combined do not add up to the deaths that lung cancer causes. In 2007, 158,683 people, 88,243 men and 70,354 women died from lung cancer in the United States (Eldridge, 2012). Out of the 158,683 people that died from lung cancer in 2007, 135,000 of them died of lung cancer caused by smoking cigarettes. The overall survival rate of those with lung cancer is at about fifteen percent.

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Lung cancer is a genetic and acquired disease. Lung cancer is genetic because cancer in general is caused by changes to the genes that control the way our cells function, especially how they grow and divide. All of these changes include mutations in the DNA that makes up our genes. Genetic changes that increase cancer risk can be inherited from our parents, if the changes are presents in germ cells. Which are the reproductive cells of the body, those are the eggs and the sperm. Lung cancer is also acquired because as the result of errors that occur as cells divide a person’s lifetime or exposure to certain chemicals. Some examples of these chemicals are found in tobacco smoke, radiation, UV rays from the sun that damage DNA. “In general, cancer cells have more genetic changes than normal cells. But each person’s cancer has a unique combination of genetic alterations.” Some of these changes may be the result of cancer, rather than the cause. As the cancer continues to grow, additional changes will occur. Even within the same tumor, cancer cells may have different genetic changes.

Patient stated that her siblings were born in a hospital. Mariano Saquilayan, grandfather, died at the age of 61 from lung cancer. Patient states that her grandfather smoked for a long time; therefore, leading to the result of lung cancer. Patient’s parents from her father’s side are diagnosed with diabetes, unknown of type (ages 80 and 77). Uncle on father’s side, Reynaldo Vinzon, developed diabetes at age 55; patient is unknown of type of diabetes. Patient’s uncle, Arnel Saquilayan, on her mother’s side is 55 years old and diagnosed with Polio and uncle, Manny Saquilayan, of 48 years old is diagnosed with heart disease. Patient is unaware of the type of disease. Patient’s parents both have hypertension and is currently taking medication for

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Lung cancer leads with both the number of diagnostics and deaths of cancer. Although it is typically caused by smoking, Lauren developed lung cancer because of the harmful chemicals and radiation that she was exposed to on a daily basis. She began to experience a cough that would not go away, chest pain, wheezing, shortness of breath, and even coughing up bloody phlegm. Some patients are lucky. Cancer is caught in the first or second stage, but because the symptoms are not common or regular until a later stage, it sometimes goes undetected until it is too late. Lauren was diagnosed with stage 3 because she was unable to detect any problems early on. In Jane E. Brody’s article, “Screening, and Enabling, Smokers” she interviewed Dr. Russell P. Harris, who stated, “’At best,’ he said, ‘screening might reduce lung cancer deaths by 8,000 a year. But in the year 2000 alone, smoking cessation reduced lung cancer deaths by 70,000’” (Brody 1). Cancer is not a death sentence, and one can often prevent it from developing in extremely simple ways. If it is not prevented, cancer patients go through a number of symptoms that drastically affect their life, and their loved ones’ lives. The first symptom begins with drowsiness and loss of energy.

This article is about a benefit for a man diagnosed with stage four lung cancer. His name is Rick Benson, and he lives in Mason City, Iowa. His close relatives and friends are organizing the benefit, which will take place on April 8th. The proceeds from the charity event will go to Ben, and his wife to help lighten the financial burden. Before Rick was diagnosed with cancer, he owned a construction business, Benson Construction, for 30 years. Nine years ago he lend the business to his son Jarrod, and became over-the-road truck driver. However, his career at the moment is on hold because he can't legally drive with the medication he is currently taking. During the early days of April, Rick will undertake chemotherapy with radiation to see if

I remember it was a December evening, when my parents and I had just gotten back from the Nutcracker Ballet when they called to tell us that my Grandma had passed away in her sleep. My Grandma had been staying in California with my Aunt Cindy for over six or seven months, and she had been staying in a hospital bed since soon after she got to California because she was very ill with lung cancer. It made me feel very sad to think about her dying.

(Transition: we have discussed the causes, lets look at the risk factors including some environmental ones.)