Lung Cancer : A Malignant Cellular Transformation And Growth Of The Lung And The Airway Tissues

What are lung cancers? Lung cancers are the abnormal cells which grow in uncontrolled manner in one or both lungs. They do not function as normal lung cells and do not develop into healthy lung tissue. The abnormal cells can grow, form tumours and interfere with the normal functions of the lung (Lungcancer.org, 2015). Lung cancers can be divided into two major types, namely non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancers (SCLC). NSCLC can be further classified into three main subtypes, namely adenocarcinoma, squamous-cell carcinoma and large-cell carcinoma (Longo & Harrison, 2012). Lung cancers can be diagnosed by chest X-ray, computerised tomography (CT) scan, positron emission tomography-computerised tomography (PET-CT) scan, bronchoscopy and biopsy (Nhs.uk, 2015). Unfortunately, lung cancers are often diagnosed at the later stages. This is due to the unrecognisable symptoms and warning signs at the earlier stages. NSCLC are often diagnosed at stage IV which accounts for 30-40% of cases whereas 60% of SCLC is diagnosed at stage IV. Lung cancer usually originates from the cells lining the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. Carcinogens especially tobacco smoke will alter the gene expression of the normal human lung cells, resulting in cell mutation. The proto-oncogenes will be converted to mutated form, oncogenes. Mutation leads to the decreased expression of the tumour suppressor genes. This results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, cell

The leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in the United States and worldwide is lung cancer. Lung cancer is responsible for thirty percent of cancer deaths in the United States. The deaths caused by breast cancer, colon cancer and prostate cancer combined do not add up to the deaths that lung cancer causes. In 2007, 158,683 people, 88,243 men and 70,354 women died from lung cancer in the United States (Eldridge, 2012). Out of the 158,683 people that died from lung cancer in 2007, 135,000 of them died of lung cancer caused by smoking cigarettes. The overall survival rate of those with lung cancer is at about fifteen percent.

Beneath the lungs, a slender, arch formed muscle called the stomach isolates the mid-section from the guts. When you inhale, the stomach climbs and down, compelling air all through the lungs. Lung tumor begins when cells of the lung get to be anomalous and start to become crazy. As more disease cells create, they can frame into a tumor and spread to different regions of the body. Non-little cell lung growth is a gathering of lung tumors that act likewise, for example, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Side effects are a hack that won't leave, shortness of breath, weight reduction, or hacking up blood. Medicines incorporate surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Lung disease begins when cells of the lung get to be strange and start to become crazy. As more malignancy cells create, they can frame into a tumor and spread to different ranges of the body. Around 80% to 85% of lung growths are non-little cell lung malignancy (NSCLC). There are subtypes of NSCLC, which begin from various sorts of lung cells. Be that as it may, they are assembled together as NSCLC on the grounds that the way to deal with treatment and guess are regularly

Cancer is the leading cause of death in economically developed countries and the second leading cause of death in developing countries. Based on the GLOBOCAN 2008 estimates, about 12.7 million cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths are estimated to have occurred in 2008. The leading cause of cancer mortality in females is breast cancer, accounting for 23% followed by lung cancer and cervical cancer accounting for 11% respectively. Furthermore, estimates show that, the leading cause of cancer mortality in males is lung cancer accounting for 17% of the total new cancer cases and 23% in total cancer deaths. [2].

Lung cancer occurs due to cells in a person’s lungs that multiple at a rapid pace, which form a malignant tumor. These tumors in the lungs take away important necessities such as oxygen, and nutrients; diminishes the ability of the tissue to properly function. One of the most type of common lung cancers is Adenocarcinoma, which make up to forty percent of these cases. Smoking is the primary reason for Americans to be diagnosed with lung cancer, with a cigarette containing more than 4,000 chemicals that have permanent damage to the lungs causing long term effects (Conrad 2016).

Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death not only in the United States of America but globally.1 According to the World Health Organization 8.2 million deaths in 2012 were cancer related and of those deaths, 1.59 million were due specifically to lung cancer.2 In 2014, there was a staggering 224,210 new reported cases of lung cancer in the United States alone. The 5-year relative survival has a 49% to 2% variability depending on the type of lung cancer, stage, and location. The two major types of lung cancer are Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCL), which consists of 85% lung cancers, and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), which makes up the other 15% of lung cancers. NSCL is an epithelial lung cancer that is histologically comprised of adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.1 Both NSCL and SCLC are insidious in nature and the presentation will usually be vague or nonspecific and include the following symptoms: cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, weight loss, recurrent infections, coughing up blood, hoarseness, and wheezing.

The survival advantage for those who stopped smoking was adjusted for demographics, disease stage and other health characteristics.” (science daily). 90-95% of lung cancers diagnosed are found in the lungs because of the epithelial cells (medicine.net). Lung cancer is the most leading death in the US and the world (medicine.net). There are many ways to prevent lung cancer, some ways are as follows: reduce/quit smoking; cigarettes have over 600 chemical ingredients and when lit, over 4000 chemicals are released into your body. After two to four months of being diagnosed with SCLC, more than half of the patients die (medicine.net). However, after 5 years of diagnosis, patients survival rate is down to 5-10% (medicine.net). NSCLC has the best survival rate at 75% after 5 years (medicine.net). The reason why the survival rate is so high for NSCLC is because the lung can be treated upon with different procedures and the cancer spreads slowly throughout the body. “The overall prognosis for lung cancer is poor when compared with some other cancers. Survival rates for lung cancer are generally lower than those for most cancers, with an overall five-year survival rate for lung cancer of about 17% compared to 67% for colon cancer, 90% for breast cancer, 81% for bladder cancer, and over 99% for prostate cancer.”

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortalities in the world. An astounding average of 1.6 million deaths occur due to lung cancer yearly (1). Lung cancer is classified into two types: small cell and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), where 85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. NSCLC has several different histologic subtypes, some of which are: squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. Of the three, adenocarcinoma accounts for more than 50% of NSCLCs, making it the most common subtype (2).

Lung cancer is the most common cause of death from cancer, across the globe. More deaths are reported from lung cancer than that from breast, colon or prostate combined (2). Around 80% of lung cancers are determined to be non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 65% of those patients have advanced or metastatic disease when discovered (11). Research has shown that early diagnosis and accurate staging is the cornerstone for improving survival of patients with lung cancer. Treatment options depend on the severity of the disease, making accurate staging a priority (7).

Among all types of cancer, lung cancer is a very common and highly lethal cancer. Lung cancer is an insidious disease not showing symptoms in its early stages, thus the diagnosis in most cases is done in cases of advanced disease. Shows an increase by 2% year on their worldwide incidence. Mortality from this tumor is very high and the prognosis of this disease is related to the phase where it is diagnosed.

The Lung Cancer is the major of the cancer death. According to the data from Australian government on 2011, it showed the death rate is far higher than other disease, all because its early symptoms are non-evident, that lead to most of the sufferers are often missed the best time for treatment. Lung Cancer occurs when there has the uncontrolled cells growth in the lung tissues, these cells normally lining on the air passages, then forms a tumour which can be small-cell carcinoma or non-small-cell carcinoma. The five year survival rate of the person who with Lung Cancer is less than 14%(EWTERY).

The cancers that are most common in men's are lung cancer, prostate cancer, and colon cancer. Lung cancer kills more over 50,000 men a year. More men are likely to get lung cancer because in general men smoke more than women. Non-small cell lung cancer referred as NSCLC. This is a dangerous disease that can immediately affect your quality of life by causing breathing difficulties. Two types of lung cancer have different subtypes that can affect your overall prognosis. The main subtypes of NSCLC are adenocarcinoma which starts in the outer part of lungs. Squamous cell carcinoma where it starts in the middle portion of lungs, and undifferentiated carcinoma where its fast-growing cells that can start in any portion of the lungs. The expectations of survival rate of having NSCLC is on a five year survival rate; which lung cancer can not be reversed. It was suggested that loss of control of cell cycle checkpoints is a common occurrence in lung cancers, and support of the idea that functional cooperation between different cell cycle inhibitor the proteins constitutes to another level of regulation in cell growth control and tumors suppression. Present review of literature mainly describes the cell cycle control, the lung cancer molecular pathogenesis, the catalog of known genetic alterations and the recent advances in the global expression profiles of lung tumors. As lung cancer cells are not

Cancer is the leading cause of death in the world. An astounding average of 1.6 million deaths occur due to lung cancer every year, making it the most common type of cancer worldwide (1). Lung cancer is broadly classified into two types: small cell and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). 85% of all lung cancer cases are NSCLC. NSCLC has several different histologic subtypes, some of which are: squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. Of the three, adenocarcinoma accounts for more than 50% of all NSCLC cases, making it the most common subtype of NSCLC (2).

Lung cancer can be divided into two different types, small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Small cell lung cancer is the least common type and is mostly found in those that smoke a lot. It is also the most deadly because of the rapid growth it exhibits. Non-small cell lung cancer is a general term for many different types of lung cancer. These types are: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma. (Mayo Clinic, 2015) Lung cancer solely attacks the lungs but could metastasize further.

|Specific Purpose: |To inform readers on the causes, effects and treatments of lung cancer. |