Lung Cancer Cases And The Evidence Used For Decide Patient 's Management

Squamous Cell Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) occurs in about 30% of all Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer cases. (Khan Academy Medicine, 2012) There are two main features of squamous cell NSCLC that distinguish it from adenocarcinoma and large cell NSCLC. Squamous cells contain keratin within the cell and are connected to each other by desmosomes (Khan Academy Medicine, 2012). Squamous cell NSCLC is most commonly found in male smokers who have a cough, airway obstruction, Hilar-adenopathy, mediastinal widening with chest x-rays, and Hypercalcemia (Harold, J. Bruyere, 2009).

Cancer is known as an unbiased killer that knows no race, age or sex of its victims. Doctor Nader (n.d.) states, “The disease lung cancer is known as the number one cause of cancer related deaths in the United States.” (Lung Cancer Information). Lung cancer takes millions of lives each year, sometimes without the slightest warning. According to "The Green Sanctuary" (2009), “The cancer may often be discovered during a routine chest X-ray or CT scan as a small solitary mass.” (What is Lung Cancer?). There are various stages of lung cancer; its treatment options and effects of the disease can impact the individual and their loved ones in many ways. There are many options offered for people diagnosed with lung cancer. Many times

Bronchogenic carcinoma accounts for over 95% of all primary lung tumours[53]. It is the leading cause of cancer deaths in both men and women worldwide accounting for approximately 27% of all cancer deaths[54]. This carcinoma is broadly divided into small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and non small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Histologically, NSCLC is sub classified

The theme of this journal article was to explain to the audience the various sub types of non-small cell lung cancer, its risk factors, and the different procedures a patient has to undergo in order for them to be diagnosed with cancer. It does a great job answering a vast amount of questions the audience can have regarding the disease itself, the procedures used for prognosis and diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer, and/ or the treatment available for patients with this disease. Overall, this report was very well detailed and provided the audience with a lot of

In conclusion, lung function was stabilized in a large proportion of patients unresponsive to cyclophosphamide therapy and a beneficial outcome emerged from the analysis of HRCT (High resolution computed tomography) lung scans. There was no significant improvement of skin involvement, and the low dose was well tolerated. Therefore, the data provided useful suggestions to design future randomized clinical trials for SSc therapeutics.

There are three main types of NSCLC which are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma (Roth et.al.2014). This assignment is going to critically analyse the relationship and care provided to this patient whilst in hospital, and the factors that can affect the care this patient received. It will also focus on the importance of patient-centred care, communication between the healthcare professionals and the service-user, and also the planning of her hospital discharge. It will critically analyse how effective the healthcare professionals involved in these processes were in providing service user satisfaction. Mrs. John is a very private lady who lives alone in a two bedroom house and has two grown-up sons living nearby. Soon after her admission on to the ward it became apparent that Mrs. John appeared to be a very independent lady. She seemed reluctant to communicate with the other service-users around her and the healthcare professionals involved in her care. There may be many reasons why Mrs. John seemed reluctant to communicate including overcoming the diagnosis of her illness and not knowing how to access support and care from family members and healthcare professionals. Mrs. John was also troubled by a cough, shortness of breath, and she also seemed to be tired. We provided a calm and quiet environment for her, and prescribed some analgesic

Our respiratory system is very critical part of our body. It consists of the airways which are comprised of the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx and trachea, the lungs and the muscles that allow us to breathe. This system supplies oxygen rich blood to our body and removes carbon dioxide. The main organs that carry out this gas exchange are the lungs.

Lung cancer can be divided into two different types, small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Small cell lung cancer is the least common type and is mostly found in those that smoke a lot. It is also the most deadly because of the rapid growth it exhibits. Non-small cell lung cancer is a general term for many different types of lung cancer. These types are: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma. (Mayo Clinic, 2015) Lung cancer solely attacks the lungs but could metastasize further.

Tumors can either be small cell lung cancer (SCLC) or non-SCLC (NSCLC). Non-SCLC accounts for most of the incidences and carries a 5-year survival rate of 15%.1 On average, it is the metastases of the primary tumor that cause death. NSCLC is often diagnosed late where available treatment options such as surgery or radiation will be ineffective .2 Because of its nature, metastasis of cancer is not fully understood as it cannot occur in vitro.2 It has been discovered that the cascade of events follows similar pathways in each type of metastatic cancer: detachment of cells from ECM, invasion of neighboring tissue, intravastation into the blood or lymph system, and subsequent extravasation at a distal site of the metastatic lesion.1 Treatments have included chemotherapy, radiation, surgery if applicable and other targeted therapies like immunotherapy and EGFR inhibitors.2 In the past, due to the difficulty of treating and ineffectiveness, chemotherapy was not the treatment when the patient was diagnosed with NSCLC. Instead, supportive care was offered. Meta-analysis has demonstrated that chemotherapy has offered slight improvements in quality of life and reduction of symptoms since.3 These chemotherapy drugs work best when combined with a source of platinum, which can be difficult given the substantial risk of toxicities.4 To combat the difficulties of treating NSCLC, and deliver the chemotherapy that could potentially increase survival rates while lowering toxicity exposure, science has turned to its new wonder child:

The doctor was not shocked considering the fact Richard has been smoking since a very young age and is frequently exposed to diesel fumes because of his occupation. Dr.Johansen explained that because of his long time use of cigarettes and exposure to diesel fumes it caused cells in the lungs to mutate. “The cells start to grow uncontrollably and clumped together forming a tumor” (Cooper, 2010). He suggested that Richard immediately gets treatment for the disease because “lung cancer metastases can spread to lymph nodes around the lungs, and they can also travel through the bloodstream to other organs, such as bones, adrenal glands, and the brain” (How Lung Cancer Develops, 2016). In Richard’s case surgeons will be able to remove the cancer surgically since the tumor involves lymph nodes farther away from the heart and has not spread to other parts of the organ. (West, 2015). A year has passed since Richard got his cancer removed from his lungs. Although cancer free, he suffers from dyspnea and lymphedema. Due to damaged lymph nodes during his surgery, blockage in the lymphatic system occurred leading fluid buildup causing his arms to swell. Richard’s existence has now becoming facing detrimental choices he made early in his

When a diagnosis of cancer is made, the stage or progression of the cancer is assessed. Stages of non-small cell lung cancer can range from stage I to stage IV. Stage I is local cancer in the lungs without spread to other areas of the body. Stage II is when the cancer is in the lung and lymph nodes closest to the lungs. Stage III is when the cancer is in the lungs and lymph nodes in the middle of the chest. This is considered minimally advanced lung cancer. Stage III had two subtypes. Stage IIIa is when the cancer has been found only in the lymph nodes on the same side of the chest as the tumor. Stage IIIb is when the cancer has spread to the nodes on the opposite

Lung cancer is one of the most significant and preventable causes of death in the United States and other developed countries today. Some states within the US have higher instances of lung cancer than others, and there are various factors that affect that. For the state of Tennessee, which will be the focus of this paper, the most current year for which lung cancer statistics are available is 2007. According to the CDC, there were 78.4 to 97.7 people per 100,000 who got lung cancer in Tennessee in 2007 (CDC, 2010). Among people in that state who had lung cancer, 56.8 to 74.6 per 100,000 died in that same year (CDC, 2010). The Tennessee Department of Health also released 2007 figures on the 10 leading causes of death in that state, which were:

Lung cancer diagnosis for each patient was confirmed by pathology and/or cytology, as defined by the WHO classification, and classified according to the 2010 UICC TNM system (12). We reviewed patient records to evaluate the indications and outcomes. DM was defined by an FPG level ≥ 126 mg/dL, a non-FPG level ≥ 200 mg/dL, or an HbA1c level ≥ 6.5%. Patients currently taking or having taken medications for diabetes were also defined as having DM.

Cancer at this stage is also known as carcinoma in situ. The cancer is tiny in size and has not spread into deeper lung tissues or outside the lungs. Stage I of non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer may be present in the underlying lung tissues, but the lymph nodes remain unaffected. Stage II of non-small cell lung cancer: The cancer may have spread to nearby lymph nodes or into the chest wall. Stage III of non-small cell lung cancer. The cancer is continuing to spread from the lungs to the lymph nodes or to nearby structures and organs, such as the heart, trachea and esophagus. Stage IV of non-small cell lung cancer. The cancer has metastasized throughout the body and may now affect the liver, bones or brain.” There are five ways to counteract Lung Cancer. (Cancer.net) “Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy, Targeted therapy and

Non-small cell lung cancer accounts for approximately 85-90% of lung cancer. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is divided into three different groups. While these cancer cells vary in shape, size, and chemical-makeup, they are all grouped into NSCLC because of similar treatment and outlook. (American Cancer