The rise of modern tobacco recounts a cautionary tale highlighted with both hubris and malfeasance. To study epidemiology’s role concerning lung cancer in the 20th century is to study the virtues of objective deliberation and the failures of dogmatism. From the purview of epidemiology, understanding how hyperbolic discounting leads to catastrophic unintended consequences might provide insight into the applied epidemiological facets of public health policy. Additionally, the modern epidemiologist should understand that dogmatism could lead to myopic discourse fraught with erroneous deliberation. Epidemiology’s relationship with tobacco provides a near perfect example of how objective methods informed populations and guided policy. Under the
The human body is designed so that each part is dependent on the other for one or the other reason. There is a delicate balance to the distribution of functions and the way in which each system defenses itself against any unmentionable disease or ailment.
Patient stated that her siblings were born in a hospital. Mariano Saquilayan, grandfather, died at the age of 61 from lung cancer. Patient states that her grandfather smoked for a long time; therefore, leading to the result of lung cancer. Patient’s parents from her father’s side are diagnosed with diabetes, unknown of type (ages 80 and 77). Uncle on father’s side, Reynaldo Vinzon, developed diabetes at age 55; patient is unknown of type of diabetes. Patient’s uncle, Arnel Saquilayan, on her mother’s side is 55 years old and diagnosed with Polio and uncle, Manny Saquilayan, of 48 years old is diagnosed with heart disease. Patient is unaware of the type of disease. Patient’s parents both have hypertension and is currently taking medication for
Throughout life, many individuals experience difficulties due to growing up in everyday life. While going in depth of the human life, it is discovered that there are many diseases and disorders that affect humans’ everyday functions. A very popular disease that has traumatically affected the human body is cancer. Cancer is a disease that spreads throughout your body in many ways. The purpose of cancer is to attach to a blood cell in your body and cause a plague within itself, causing the body to initially shut down and die. This disease contains many forms and have many causes to it. However its main goal is to destroy the human body.
The years following the release of the first Surgeon-General’s report on tobacco use in 1964 have recorded successes and setbacks for public health officials. The report closely followed a release from the tobacco industry in 1954 titled “Frank Statement to Tobacco Users” which basically said that there was no cause for alarm. It rebutted the findings from a study on mice which showed the link between tobacco smoking and lung cancer. It insisted that there was not enough proof or evidence to state that there was a direct link between tobacco smoking and lung cancer.
(Transition: we have discussed the causes, lets look at the risk factors including some environmental ones.)
I remember it was a December evening, when my parents and I had just gotten back from the Nutcracker Ballet when they called to tell us that my Grandma had passed away in her sleep. My Grandma had been staying in California with my Aunt Cindy for over six or seven months, and she had been staying in a hospital bed since soon after she got to California because she was very ill with lung cancer. It made me feel very sad to think about her dying.
This paper discusses in distinct detail the pathology of lung cancer, specifically malignant tumors. This investigation into the cancer touches on many different subjects that include: the history of the disease and how it came to be so prevalent, it’s cellular origins, how it is diagnosed within a patient, the different treatments used to fight it, and the survival rates for people with any sort of lung cancer. The paper also goes in depth about the use of x-rays and how they are used to find lung cancer. There are many resources used for this paper and they are cited as necessary.
Lung cancer is a genetic and acquired disease. Lung cancer is genetic because cancer in general is caused by changes to the genes that control the way our cells function, especially how they grow and divide. All of these changes include mutations in the DNA that makes up our genes. Genetic changes that increase cancer risk can be inherited from our parents, if the changes are presents in germ cells. Which are the reproductive cells of the body, those are the eggs and the sperm. Lung cancer is also acquired because as the result of errors that occur as cells divide a person’s lifetime or exposure to certain chemicals. Some examples of these chemicals are found in tobacco smoke, radiation, UV rays from the sun that damage DNA. “In general, cancer cells have more genetic changes than normal cells. But each person’s cancer has a unique combination of genetic alterations.” Some of these changes may be the result of cancer, rather than the cause. As the cancer continues to grow, additional changes will occur. Even within the same tumor, cancer cells may have different genetic changes.
The leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in the United States and worldwide is lung cancer. Lung cancer is responsible for thirty percent of cancer deaths in the United States. The deaths caused by breast cancer, colon cancer and prostate cancer combined do not add up to the deaths that lung cancer causes. In 2007, 158,683 people, 88,243 men and 70,354 women died from lung cancer in the United States (Eldridge, 2012). Out of the 158,683 people that died from lung cancer in 2007, 135,000 of them died of lung cancer caused by smoking cigarettes. The overall survival rate of those with lung cancer is at about fifteen percent.
With more than 1.61 million cases recognized annually lung carcinoma is that the leading cause behind cancer connected loss of life among men and second main cause in the back of loss of life in women worldwide [Jemal et al., 2011]. Morphologically the lung cancer is divided into small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and adenocarcinoma (AC), with non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC) accounting for 80% of all cases. [Brambilla et al., 2001]. The medical accomplishment in two decades has provided least effect on the treatment of the most cancers, the overall five year survival rate of NSCLC is roughly 15%.
When I was 14 I was staying in a double room in Memorial with another girl. She was 16 and had lung cancer, which at this point was quickly spreading to the rest of her body with the doctors at a loss on how to stop it. Her name was Melissa and we very quickly became friends. She was checked in about 3 weeks before I arrived, and it certainly didn’t seem like she was leaving anytime soon, despite how badly she protested that how she was living wasn’t actually living. We didn’t really talk much the first couple of days I was there but on the fifth day she asked me the most asked question among patients in hospital, “So what are you in here for?”
It is beyond reproach to think of R.A. Fisher as anything less than a genius. In the world of statistics he is a hero whose status in history is justifiably brilliant. However, in the late 1950’s, towards the end of his career, Fisher perplexingly became a staunch opponent of the tobacco hypothesis. Fisher would go on to hold public lectures, using his credentials in an attempt to marginalize the epidemiological data in support of the tobacco hypothesis. To understand Fisher’s staunch position, one should reflect upon a series of events or happenstances that helped define Fisher(44).
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortalities in the world. An astounding average of 1.6 million deaths occur due to lung cancer yearly (1). Lung cancer is classified into two types: small cell and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), where 85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. NSCLC has several different histologic subtypes, some of which are: squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. Of the three, adenocarcinoma accounts for more than 50% of NSCLCs, making it the most common subtype (2).
Lung cancer is the number one cause of death by cancer. It has affected my family tremendously. My grandma was diagnosed with stage four lung cancer in June of 2014, it has been almost two years and she is still fighting. She has gone through so much and it really takes a toll on your body. She has gone through years of chemotherapy, radiation, so many drugs and recently was put on oxygen that she needs 24/7. I pray every day that people will stop smoking and not take the risk of developing lung cancer.
When we are young, we never think about anything bad happening. We always imagine our parents living forever and taking care of us. We didn’t understand why everyone was sad at a funeral. We didn’t react like adults do when something bad happens. Children aren’t programmed to think the worst of things normally. They’re lucky. When a certain age comes along, reality really slaps you in the face and everything kind of crumbles down. The tragedies of life really make it hard to remember when things were simpler.