Lung Cancer Process

Throughout life, many individuals experience difficulties due to growing up in everyday life. While going in depth of the human life, it is discovered that there are many diseases and disorders that affect humans’ everyday functions. A very popular disease that has traumatically affected the human body is cancer. Cancer is a disease that spreads throughout your body in many ways. The purpose of cancer is to attach to a blood cell in your body and cause a plague within itself, causing the body to initially shut down and die. This disease contains many forms and have many causes to it. However its main goal is to destroy the human body.

Lung Cancer, like any other type of cancer, is the uncontrollable growth of cells in the lung tissue. The main causes that contribute to lung cancer include inhaling carcinogens (basically, smoking), exposure to ionizing radiation, viral infections and even air pollution. These factors basically damage the tissues lining the bronchi in the lung, leading the cancer to develop further (Vaporciyan & Nesbitt JC, 2000). Primary lung cancers that develop in the epithelial tissues of the lung are known as carcinomas and claim the top spot in terms of leading cancer-related death causes. As of 2004, lung cancer

Lung Cancer is a disease which consists of uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissues. Lung cancer consists of two types, Non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer. (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. The bronchi are the large air tubes leading from the trachea to the lungs that convey air to and from the lungs, and where most lung cancers begin. The body normally maintains cell growth only

Nevertheless, there is a promising biomarker and therapeutic target on the horizon. Studies show that S100A8 is preferentially overexpressed in ATC3,6, leading to the formation of tumors and invasion of the trachea. Knockdown of this protein, however, abolished tumor formation6. It is thought that S100A8 interacts with the RAGE receptor to promote cell proliferation by activating the p38, ERK 1/2, and JNK signaling pathways2.6. Taken together, this indicates that S100A8 is a potential diagnostic biomarker and that targeting this gene will prevent progression of the

A large body of literature has documented hyperactivated AKT signaling in human solid tumors and hematological malignancies[34]. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway plays an important role in HCC and is activated in 30%–50% of HCC[35]. Sorafenib does not target this pathway. AKT/mTOR is critical for regulating growth and proliferation in any cell type. Data from HCC clinical trials have revealed that AKT/mTOR pathway is upregulated upon treatment and therefore the cancer acquires resistance to therapy. Cyclin D1 is a downstream target of AKT, which directly regulates cell cycle progression. Of the three highly conserved AKT isoforms, AKT1 is involved in regulating cell proliferation[36]. Accumulating research suggests that PI3K/AKT activation after sorafenib treatment plays a pivotal role in tumor progression in HCC. p-AKT levels increase in HCC cell lines after treating them with sorafenib [11, 37]. Targeting AKT1 will also suppress the activity of its downstream effector pathway

When an individual has lung cancer, there is an immediate rush of support. Family, friends, and acquaintances flock to their hospital room, and shower them with love and sympathy. These people are the support network essential to the cancer patient for a successful recovery. However, what happens when an individual is diagnosed with depression? An immediate look of disgust and accusing eyes glare at the victim. A rush of prejudice thoughts course through their minds, all thoughts associated with blaming the victim for falling into depression. Blaming the individual for their diagnosis, yet no one recognizes the abuse and trauma she endured as a result of living in a dysfunctional home. How difficult it was to seek treatment, all the time

According to a paper published by the Center for Diseases and Control, Lung Cancer has the highest mortality rate in the US than any other cancer type. In 2011, about 156,953 people died from the disease as about 207,000 cases of ailing lung cancer patients were diagnosed that year. This number is set to see an increase over the years if adequate care in research is not given .Song described Lung cancer, as Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) with the former being responsible for about 85% of diagnosis cases and deaths reported each year. The most common types of NSCLC include adenocarcinomas, large cell carcinomas, and squamous cell carcinomas and as expected, most of these NSCLC types are related to smoking. However, adenocarcinomas have been found in patients who never smoked. Common but inadequate ways of NSCLC treatment include surgery, radiation therapy , and chemotherapy (Witschi , 2001) but the most effective form of NSCLC treatment has been known to be targeted therapies (Nguyen et al. , 2011) . This research invention has taken cancer treatment to another level because of the specificity of the drug inhibitors used to target carcinomas, or protein kinases that involve in pathways of the cancer. Adequate research has led to efficient modifications to use of targeted-therapies for specific fusion genes that code for oncogenes and kinesin genes i.e the Kinesin Family 5B gene and the RET (Rearranged during Transcription). Song also

It is wise, however, to have a doctor monitor the tumor over at least a two-years period in order to note any changes that might indicate the presence of cancer. Also, a biopsy or surgical removal of a tumor may be needed when the patient is a smoker, the patient has difficulty breathing, or other troubling symptoms, tests show that the cancer could be present, and the nodule continue to grow. The malignant lung cancer is divided into non- small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, and lung carcinoid tumor. First, the non- small lung cancer is A group of lung cancers that are named for the kinds of cells found in the cancer and how the cells look under a microscope. The cancer cells of each type grow and spread in different ways. The three main types of non-small cell lung cancer are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common kind of lung cancer. The first type of the non- small cell cancer is squamous cell carcinoma About 25% to 30% of all lung cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. These cancers start in early versions of squamous cells, which are flat cells that line the inside of the airways in the lungs. They are often linked to a history of smoking and tend to be found in the central part of the lungs, near a main airway (bronchus). The second type is larger cell carcinoma this type accounts for about 10% to 15% of lung cancers. It can appear in any part of the lung. It tends to grow and spread quickly, which can make it harder to treat. A subtype of large cell carcinoma, known as large cell, neuroendocrine carcinoma, is a fast-growing cancer that is very similar to small cell lung cancer. The third type of non- small cell lung cancer is adenocarcinoma about 40% of lung cancers are adenocarcinomas. that begins in the cells that line the alveoli and make substances such as

This paper discusses in distinct detail the pathology of lung cancer, specifically malignant tumors. This investigation into the cancer touches on many different subjects that include: the history of the disease and how it came to be so prevalent, it’s cellular origins, how it is diagnosed within a patient, the different treatments used to fight it, and the survival rates for people with any sort of lung cancer. The paper also goes in depth about the use of x-rays and how they are used to find lung cancer. There are many resources used for this paper and they are cited as necessary.

Lung cancer is the number one cause of death by cancer. It has affected my family tremendously. My grandma was diagnosed with stage four lung cancer in June of 2014, it has been almost two years and she is still fighting. She has gone through so much and it really takes a toll on your body. She has gone through years of chemotherapy, radiation, so many drugs and recently was put on oxygen that she needs 24/7. I pray every day that people will stop smoking and not take the risk of developing lung cancer.

When I was 14 I was staying in a double room in Memorial with another girl. She was 16 and had lung cancer, which at this point was quickly spreading to the rest of her body with the doctors at a loss on how to stop it. Her name was Melissa and we very quickly became friends. She was checked in about 3 weeks before I arrived, and it certainly didn’t seem like she was leaving anytime soon, despite how badly she protested that how she was living wasn’t actually living. We didn’t really talk much the first couple of days I was there but on the fifth day she asked me the most asked question among patients in hospital, “So what are you in here for?”

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Our respiratory system is very critical part of our body. It consists of the airways which are comprised of the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx and trachea, the lungs and the muscles that allow us to breathe. This system supplies oxygen rich blood to our body and removes carbon dioxide. The main organs that carry out this gas exchange are the lungs.

(Transition: we have discussed the causes, lets look at the risk factors including some environmental ones.)

In 2013 there were an estimated 159,480 deaths due to lung cancer in the United States alone (Lung Cancer). Lung cancer is an unrelenting disease that is caused by many environmental factors and personal habits. It begins as mutations within a cell’s DNA and eventually progresses to a tumor which can then spread to various other parts of the body. There is no cure for lung cancer presently, however there are numerous treatments available to patients in hopes of eradicating or at least controlling the disease.